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Pronouns A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns. Pro- means for (standing FOR a noun) Personal Pronouns Pronouns that are used to refer to people or things are called personal pronouns. Examples: he, she, it Subject Pronouns A subject pronoun is used as the subject of a sentence. The subject is WHO or WHAT the sentence is about. She is my sister. It is my hat. Does he have a dog. You and I go to the movie. Object Pronouns An object pronoun is a personal pronoun in the objective case. It is used as the direct or inderect object of a verb. Object pronouns will never be the subject of the sentence. Give the pencil to me. The teacher gave her a referral. I will tell you a secret. Hannah read it to them. List of Personal Pronouns Singular Plural Subject Pronouns I you he, she, it we you they Object Pronouns me you him, her, it us you them Your turn 1. Listen to this song and then lets try it together! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S Wnc1HSCvRY 2. Activity. Identify the pronouns in the following sentence. Jamie and Clara loved the guinea pig their mother bought them. It was white, and it was adorable. Using Pronouns Correctly How do you know when to use me or I, we or us? 1. Use a subject pronoun as a subject. 2. Use an object pronoun as object of the verb. Examples (Circle the correct pronoun listed): SUBJECTShe owns a collection of books. INDIRECT OBJECTHe told her an amusing story. DIRECT OBJECTThe fable entertained us. Using Pronouns Correctly When in a pair (Susan and I) Always take the pronoun OUT of the pair to see which pronoun is the correct one to use. EXAMPLES: Richard and (I or me) recited the story. Jennifer helped Richard and (I or me). Read sentence without the words that the pronoun is paired with to see what works. Using Pronouns Correctly When using a pronoun in a pair: **ALWAYS put the pronoun second Seth and I read some comic books. (Not I and Seth) Science interests Mike and me. (Not me and Mike). Using Pronouns Correctly In formal writing and speech: use a subject pronoun after a linking verb. RIGHT The winner is she. NOT She is the winner. ACTIVITY 2 Replace one of the nouns in the following sentences with a pronoun. 1. Tanner and Tanner’s friend Todd won the boat race. 2. Why did Oscar give Oscar’s camera to the school? 3. Darius scored a goal; the first of Darius’ season. PRONOUNS AND ANTECEDENTS AntecedentThe noun or group of words to which a pronoun refers Example: Tyler read “The Hungry Caterpillar.” He found it exciting. ANTECEDENT of he ___________________ ANTECEDENT of it __________________ PRONOUNS AND ANTECEDENTS RULE FOR PRONOUNS and ANTECEDENTS: 1. 2. Pronoun must agree with antecedent in number (singular or plural) and gender. The gender of a noun may be masculine (male), feminine (female), or neuter (referring to things). ACTIVITY 3 Complete p. 379 Exercise 5. Possessive Pronouns Possessive Pronoun A pronoun that shows who or what has something. NOTE: A possessive pronoun may take the place of a possessive noun. Possessive Pronouns Examples: Matt’s shoe is too small. Replace the noun with a possessive pronoun. _______ shoe is too small. Mike’s homework is perfect. Possessive Noun- __________ Replace with pronoun- _________ ________ homework is perfect. Possessive Pronouns Possessive pronouns have two forms. - One form is used before a noun. - The other form is used alone. Used before nouns Used alone Singular Plural my your his, her, its mine yours his, hers, its our your their ours yours theirs Possessive Pronouns ALWAYS REMEMBER: POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS do NOT contain an apostrophe. * Possessive its never splits. *It’s - is a contraction standing for it is *Its no apostrophe is POSSESSIVE Example: I love my book. (Its) characters are funny. *“Its” is a possessive pronoun standing for what noun? Activity 4 Complete p. 703 Exercise 4 to review possessive pronouns. Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronoun A pronoun that does not refer to a particular person, place, or thing. Example: Does anyone know where Mr. Malloy went? Everyone thought he was hiding in a locker. NOTE: Most indefinite pronouns are either ALWAYS singular or plural. Some Indefinite Pronouns Singular another anybody anyone anything each either everybody everyone everything much neither nobody Plural no one nothing one somebody someone something both few many others several SINGULAR or PLURAL All, any, most, none and some can be singular or plural, depending on the phrase that follows them. Indefinite Pronouns When an indefinite pronoun is used as the subject, the verb must agree with it in number. EXAMPLE: Everyone discusses the dance last Friday. (singular) Both talk about how fun it was! (plural) All of the dance was very loud. (singular) All of the middle school kids were dancing fools. (plural) Some Indefinite Pronouns Possessive pronouns often have indefinite pronouns as their antecedents. In such cases, the pronouns must agree in number. Each of the teachers has his or her unique teaching style. Several have funny conversations with their students. Activity 5 Find the indefinite pronouns in the following sentences. All of the students in this class are adorable. Each one of them makes me very glad. Some of them are talkative, but most of them are very well-behaved. Which is something for which all teachers are grateful. And Pronouns Too! Functions of Nouns and Pronouns A NOUN is a part of speech. It can FUNCTION in 8 different ways. (PRONOUNS stand in the place of nouns & can function any way a noun can.) 1. Subject The subject USUALLY does the action: a. John ran away from the monster. b. Five days a week my mother dusts. c. Nearing the yellow light, the driver sped up. d. “It’s not fair!” shouted John. Note that occasionally, as in d., the subject can follow the verb. Sometimes the subject receives the action. That’s what’s called a passive voice sentence. There will always be a form of “to be” (is,are,was,were,be) & a past participle (jumped, laughed, eaten, spoken, sung, frozen, etc.) a. b. c. The song was sung a capella. The book was written in 1988. John was hit in the head. 2. Direct Object A direct object follows the verb & receives its action. It answers the question “what” or “whom”: a. b. c. d. e. John threw the ball. (Threw what?) Tomorrow morning Elisa will meet your sister. (Meet whom?) We helped him with his homework. (Helped whom?) He doesn’t understand anything about what he just read. (Understand what? “Anything” is a pronoun.) While hiking, Alicia found a silver bracelet. 3. Indirect Object The indirect object follows the verb & answers to/for whom. (It can also be to/for what, but it’s usually to/for whom.) The indirect object is frequently a pronoun. a. b. c. John gave me the money. (to whom?) Elisa sent John a letter. (to whom?) Addison bought Alex a car. (for whom?) 4. Predicate Nominative (Predicate Noun) A predicate nominative follows the verb & renames the subject. a. b. c. d. e. John is a student. A Christmas Carol is a good book. Elisa became a lawyer. Addison will be an excellent surgeon. Emory is a private university. 5. Object of a Preposition Prepositions are words that link the rest of the sentence to their object. English is full of them: of, near, after, before, from, to, through, under, over, across, with…to name a few. A preposition has to have an object, & the object is a noun or pronoun. a. b. c. d. He left after class. I work with your friend. My best friend lives across the street. Over the river & through the woods to Grandmother’s house we go. 6. Appositive An appositive follows a noun & renames it. a. b. c. My sister Rita lives in Virginia. The book I’m reading, The Scarlet Letter, is set in the U.S. I met my friend Helene last year. 7. Objective Complement An objective complement renames the direct object. It can be distinguished from an appositive (which can rename ANY noun) by determining if the words “to be” can be inserted before it. a. We elected Obama (to be) president. b. I consider him (to be) my brother. *He saw my sister Rita yesterday. “Rita” in the last sentence is an appositive, not an objective complement, because you couldn’t say, “He saw my sister to be Rita yesterday.” 8. Retained Object A retained object follows a passive voice verb (“to be”— is/are/was/were/be-- + past participle) a. b. c. He was fed spinach. (Was fed what?) They were given a new kitten. (Were given what?) He was elected president. (Was elected what?) 9. Noun of direct address You use a noun of direct address when talking to someone: a. b. c. Juan, when are you going to leave? Mr. Smith, I haven’t finished the list. Professor Gellar, I need to turn in my paper late. Traditionally, the following two usages aren’t considered functions of a noun because they are adjectives. But they are nouns that function as adjectives. If you study a foreign language, it’s helpful to know when it’s a noun we’re using as an adjective in English, because chances are a noun can’t be used as an adjective in the language you’re studying. a. b. I need a paint bucket. Give him that water glass. We also make nouns possessive so that they can function as adjectives: a. b. I met your mother’s friend. We saw the clown’s face. Let’s Practice... Quiz yourself on these sites. 1.http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/grammar/fun ctions_of_nouns/quiz3150.html 2.http://www.grammaruntied.com/nouns/nounquiz 1/Iquizn.html 3.http://www.quia.com/quiz/814440.html With your group… Complete pg. 416 ex. 4 Then… Complete pg. 420 ex. 7 finding only the subject. Try it alone… Complete pg. 421 ex. 8 finding only the subject.