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EOC Study Guide
1.
What are the differences between plant and animal cells? Plant cells have chloroplasts, large vacuoles, and a cell wall while animal cells have
centrioles that plant cells don’t.
2.
How do they look? Plant cells are square-ish while animal cells are roundish.
3.
What is the function of the plasma membrane? to let some materials in and keep others out – (semi-permeable)
4.
How does it look in a cell? Draw it
5.
What is the function of a vacuole? Store nutrients/materials/wastes for the cell
6.
Can you find it in a cell?
7.
What is the function of a ribosome? to make (synthesis) proteins
8.
What are examples of proteins? enzymes, hormones, insulin, and hemoglobin
9.
Gametes are the productions of which type of reproduction? sexual reproduction (meiosis)
10.
Put the phases in order from start to finish. c, b, e, a, d
11.
Why do muscle cells in athletes have more mitochondria than non-athletes? athletes need more energy than non-athletes since mitochondria makes
energy, they have more
12.
What are the four organic molecules and their subunits (building blocks, monomers): proteins – amino acids, carbs – glucose (monosacchride), lipids
– tri-glycerides (3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol), nucleic acids - nucleotides
13.
Excess Glucose is stored as what in plants? cellulose or starch
14.
In animals? glycogen
15.
What are examples of carbohydrates? sugar and starch
16.
Give examples of polysaccharides. table sugar, dextrose, sucrose
17.
What is budding in reproduction? unequal dividing of a cell’s cytoplasm into two cells
18.
Asexual or sexual? asexual
19.
What is mitosis and explain characteristics? a process of cellular division where one cell divides into two identical cells (pairs of homologous
chromosomes)
20.
Skin cell is mitotic/meiotic? mitotic
21.
What is meiosis and explain characteristics? a process of cellular division where one cell divides into four genetically different cells (sister
chromatids)
22.
What is crossing over? exchange of the tips of chromosomes genetic material during meiosis
23.
What is the result? genetic variation and diversity
24.
Mutations occur in what type of cells? gametes (sex cells)
25.
What is mRNA ? messenger RiboNucleic Acid
26.
What is tRNA? transfer RiboNucleic Acid
27.
What does mRNA do? takes the coded message from the nucleus to the ribosome through the cytoplasm
28.
What does tRNA do? takes the specific coded amino acid to the ribosome and docks with the codon on mRNA
29.
What nitrogen base is NOT found in RNA Thymine (T)
30.
Draw a picture of protein synthesis. Include amino acid, ribosome, tRNA, mRNA, etc.
YOU NEED TO DRAW THIS NOT COPY AND PASTE THE PICTURE-I ALREADY KNOW HOW TO DRAW IT-YOU NEED TO KNOW!!!!!
31.
The mRNA codon is UGC, what is the tRNA anti-codon? ACG
32.
If a mRNA codon is AUC, what is the DNA section? TAG
33.
Where does replication, transcription and translation occur in the cell? Transcription – nucleus Translation in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes
(remember-DNA never leaves the nucleus so the code is transcribed from DNA into mRNA, mRNA then leaves the cell nucleus to go to the ribosome
in the cytoplasm)
34.
The ribosome is involved which one: replication, transcription, or translation? Translation
35.
What is taken to the ribosome? the code to make a protein
36.
What are homologous chromosomes? chromosomes that are the same – only in mitosis
37.
Are they found in gametes? no not found in gametes
38.
What is a mutation? A change is what? BE SPECIFIC!!!! (hint: gene) a change in the nitrogen bases of DNA
39.
What is a test cross? crossing an unknown genotype with a known genotype to determine whether or not the original is pure, true breeding
homozygous (HH) or hybrid heterozygous (Hh)
40.
Show and explain an example of a test cross.
R
R
r
R
r
rRr
Rr
rr
Rr
r
rRr
Rr
rr
Rr
If I am have a red rose and red is dominate to white and I need to know if the rose is pure bred or hybrid I can do a test cross. If I cross the red unknown genotype (RR
or Rr) with the known genotype (rr)If the offspring of the cross show only one color then the original was pure bred, homozygous, if the offspring show half and half,
then the original was hybrid or heterozygous.
41.
What is the purpose of a test cross? to find the genotype of an organism trait that is complete dominance
42.
What is independent assortment? Chromosomes sort out independently of each other
43.
How can this be used to explain how offspring have different combinations of traits? Traits on single chromosomes formed during meiosis form
different combinations when egg and sperm come together during fertilization
44.
What are the alleles for ABO blood? IA, IB, iO
45.
What type of inheritance is this? codominance
46.
What are the genotypes for all blood types? A= IA IA, IA, iO
47.
What alleles are codominant? IA IB,
48.
What is a monohybrid cross? a cross of parents using only one trait (even though there are two forms of the trait (gene) – EX. red and white color of
B= IB IB, IB, iO
AB IA IB,
O= iO iO
the petals)
49.
If red is dominant (R) and white is recessive (r), show the cross between a homozygous white and a heterozygous
R
r
r
Rr
rr
r
Rr
rr
50.
What is a sex-linked trait? A gene (trait) located on the sex chromosomes
51.
Give examples and explain. hemophilia, male patterned baldness – gene for the trait is located on the X chromosome
52.
Is the allele for the examples carried on the X chromosome or Y chromosome?
53.
Is the example dominant or recessive? hemophilia is recessive, male patterned baldness recessive
54.
What is a pedigree? a diagram that can determine a trait throughout several generations
55.
How can you use a pedigree to see inheritance of traits? Males have a square, females a circle, if the square or circle is completely filled in, that
individual is affected with the trait, on some pedigrees-if half the circle or square colored in represents a carrier. Remember, sex linked traits can not
have males as carriers but the other autosomes (chromosomes not sex chromosomes) can. Can determine genotype of individuals in several
instances and whether or not it is a recessive or dominate trait
56.
What is recombinant DNA? DNA from a foreign source combined with the original DNA creating a recombined DNA in the original organism
57.
What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid
58.
Draw a picture to illustrate how recombinant DNA is formed.
59.
What is genetic engineering? also called genetic modification, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's
DNA technology. It involves the introduction of
genome using modern
foreign DNA or synthetic genes into the organism of interest. Producing a
product
60.
Does this involve natural reproduction? no
61.
Give examples genetic engineering. Human insulin, human growth hormone, golden rice, spider silk
62.
Define cloning. Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another.
63.
Does cloning result in genetically identical offspring or genetically different offspring? the same
64.
Will the clones be the same or different sex? same sex
65.
Why haven’t scientists cloned humans? It is not ethical
66.
What are some concerns and ethical issues about genomics and biotechnology. Would a clone have rights? Could an insurance company deny
insurance to specific people based on their DNA? Who has rights to the clone? If a company spends money on creating a clone does it have the
rights to that clone? Is it ok to take stem cells from aborted babies?
67.
What is transformation? The
genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of other
genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surrounding and taken up through the cell membrane(s) transforming that
organism.
68.
69.
What are the steps of transformation? See #58. In addition, bacteria and viruses are used for transformation. Some organisms can naturally take in foreign DNA
What is the hierarchy of cell organization? organelles to cells to tissue to organs to organ systems, organism
70.
Are all cells different or alike? cell may be different (brain cells, skin cells etc.)
71.
Do the cells work together or independently? all cells work together
72.
Define prokaryote and eukaryote. prokaryote – usually single celled, usually anaerobic, no membrane bound organelles (no nucleus) eukaryotesusually multi-celled, anaerobic and aerobic, contains membrane bound organelles (mitochondria, ribosome, ER, chloroplasts, vacuole)
73.
Give examples of each. Prokaryote – bacteria (yeast) Eukaryote (EU –pronounced -you) humans, plants, animals, fungus
74.
What is the difference between the examples for eukaryote? Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles
75.
What is the central dogma of biology? DNA to RNA to a Protein
76.
Explain each step. DNA codes for a specific gene by creating mRNA from that portion of DNA (transcription). mRNA then leaves the nucleus and
goes through the cytoplasm to the ribosome. The ribosome clamps onto the mRNA at the first codon and tRNA brings that specific amino acid based
on the codon to the ribosome. tRNA docks with mRNA based on complementary base pairing (A-U
C-G) anti-codon to codon. tRNA leaves its
specific amino acid at the ribosome as peptide bonds are formed between amino acids left in the specific order predetermined by the DNA code
(translation).
Mitosis: Fill in each block with CORRECT answer
77.
Parent (diploid or haploid)
Diploid (di=2, double)
78.
Offspring (diploid or haploid)
Diploid
79.
Chromosome number in offspring
2n
80.
Identical/genetically different than
Identical
parent
81.
Types of cells produced
Body cells (skin brain)
82.
Purpose
Growth and tissue repair
83.
Asexual / Sexual
Asexual
Meiosis: Fill in each block with CORRECT answer
84.
Parent (diploid or haploid)
Diploid
85.
Offspring (diploid or haploid)
Haploid (half)
86.
Chromosome number in offspring
n
87.
Identical/genetically different than
Different genetically
parent
88.
Types of cells produced
Gametes, sex cells, egg,
89.
Purpose
Genetically variable cells
90.
Asexual / Sexual
Sexual
sperm
91.
What type of cell division does prokaryotic cells undergo? mitosis, asexual, either binary fission or budding
92.
What about Eukaryote cells? mitosis and meiosis
93.
What happens differently in cell division with plants and animals? a cell plate is formed in plant cells
94.
Who is Lamarck? Created a theory explaining why there are some many different adaptations in organisms
95.
What is his theory? Theory of Use and disuse –if you use it, it will be passed on if not it won’t
96.
Give an example. If a person acquires large muscles through lifting weights, his or her offspring will have large muscles when they are born.
97.
Is his theory considered correct? no
98.
What is evolution? Basically small changes over long periods of time. Natural Selection is a driving force that moves evolution based on the principle
that there is variation (due to mutations and sexual reproduction) within a species population and a specific environment gives advantage to one
organism over another of the same species. The one organism with the advantage will be more likely to survive and pass on its genes to their
offspring, thus the advantageous trait will become more prevalent in the population.
99.
Explain the concept of common ancestor. Due to the evidences of evolution (see question 219), if we have a trait in common with other organisms,
we had a common ancestor somewhere in previous time.
100.
What has greatest effect on the rate of evolution? Environment
101.
Which scientist is credited with the theory of evolution? Charles Darwin
102.
Who are Stanley Miller and Urey? They created an experiment that proved with the gases from early earth, amino acids (organic compounds) could
be created.
103.
Explain their experiment. Used methane, hydrogen, water vapor, ammonia, hydrochloric acid and put electricity through it and organic compounds
and amino acids were created.
104.
What did they attempt to do, what was important about their experiment? creating organic from inorganic compounds
105.
Name the seven level hierarchy system (categories of classification). Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family genus, species
106.
Which is most general? kingdom
107.
Which is most specific? species
108.
How many kingdoms are there (most acceptable right now)? five
109.
Who is Linnaeus? Created the binomial nomenclature (2 name naming system) are the genes and species of an organism (scientific name)
110.
What is he credited with creating (name of)? binomial nomenclature
111.
How is this used today? (hint it is in the non common name) scientific name
112.
What happens to the image of specimen when it is changed from low to high? less of the object is seen but in greater detail
113.
What is important about the structure of a Protein? shape –makes it specific to its substrate
114.
These are to be worn in the lab to protect what
115.
.
116.
117.
eyes
List in order (the format )for a formal lab report. Title, purpose, hypothesis, procedure (materials and steps), data, conclusion
Proteins are composed of __amino_
__acids__ bonded together by
_____peptide__ bonds.
In the lab, we added 3 drops of Biuret’s solution to a mystery food. The indicator turned from deep blue to violet. What macromolecule was present?
protein
118.
In the lab we added 3 drops of Benedict’s solution to a mystery food. The indicator turned from blue to yellow. What macromolecule and example
was present? carbs - sugar
119.
In the lab, we viewed specimens under a microscope through a 10X eyepiece and a 40X objective. What was our magnification? 400x
120.
Who saw the first bacteria (little beasties)? Leeuwenhoek
121.
I store water and aid in digestion. I am larger in the plant cell than in the animal cell-who am I? vacuole
122.
Why am I larger in a plant cell? plants can’t move must have larger storage
123.
I surround the cell and am made up of a phospholipids bilayer and proteins- who am I? cell membrane
124.
What does it mean to be selectively permeable? lets some in keeps others out
125.
Explain the term Fluid Mosaic Model. liquid acting but made up of many parts
126.
I absorb sunlight in the plant cell and I am the location of photosynthesis- who
127.
I am a protective barrier surrounding the plant cell and I am made of cellulose-who am I? cell wall
128.
Give an example of geographical isolation. river, island, canyon, mountain
129.
“Survival of the Fittest” best describes which theory? Evolution
130.
Put the following in order of there appearance on Earth: First Anaerobic heterotrophs
131.
What did Alexander Oparin hypothesize? Life started in the oceans
132.
Describe the conditions on early Earth? hot, can’t support life, gases
133.
Put the following events in order of their appearance on Earth: Second 1st cell developed
am I? chloroplasts
Second Aerobic autotrophs
sixth organisms used photosynthesis First complex
organic molecules form fifth eukaryotic Fourth prokaryotes appear Third organisms use chemosynthesis (making chemicals)
134.
Based on the biochemical evidence, which two organisms are more closely related? human and chimpanzee
Organism
Amino acid
Human
Gly
Amino acid
Horse
Leu
His
His
Chimpanzee
Gly
Ala
Leu
Ala
Amino acid
Leu
135.
Compare biogenesis vs. spontaneous generation. (include the scientist names that proved or disproved these ideas) biogenesis – life creation:
Pasteur (s-shaped flask) Redi (maggots on meat) proved biogenesis spontaneous generation –life from non-living material –disproved by Redi and
Pasteur
136.
Define taxonomy study of classification of organisms
137.
What is a cladogram? See question 219
138.
Explain the purpose of a dichotomous key. Using only two ways to categorize organisms’ adaptations, a dichotomous key will lead you through
specific questions based only on two categories at a time, eventually you will be able to identify the organism.
139.
Under the category of Bryophytes, what anchoring structure do mosses have instead of roots? rhizoids
140.
Why are mosses usually restricted to moist habitats? must live in moist due to lack of vascular tissue to transport water long distances
141.
What is the first generation produced in mosses? gametophyte
142.
What is the second generation produced in mosses? sporophyte
143.
Under the category of Ferns, what do ferns have instead of seeds? spores
144.
What is the gametophyte stage of a fern called? alternation of generations
145.
What are three examples of gymnosperms? cycads, pine trees, gingko
146.
What makes a gymnosperm a gymnosperm? modified leaves that have a cuticle (needles) to reduce evaporation, most are evergreen, dry climate
147.
In pine trees which is larger, the male or female cones? female cones
148.
What adaptation allowed plants to make the move to life on land? seeds
149.
Under the category of Angiosperms
150.
Where are angiosperm seeds found? within fruit
151.
What process must angiosperms go through before they can reproduce? pollination
152.
Give three examples of angiosperms. roses, apple trees, dogwood
153.
How many seed leaves do monocots start with? one
154.
How many seed leaves do dicots start with? two
155.
Angiosperms get their name because the ___seeds__ are produced inside a _fruit___________.
156.
Angiosperms are vascular plants with xylem and phloem. These are tube or straw like parts in most plants.
157.
In which direction does xylem flow? up, xylem brings water and nutrients up to the leaves
158.
In which direction does phloem flow? down, phloem flows down bringing water to the roots
159.
How can a plant control the amount of carbon dioxide it takes in and the amount of water it loses? the stomata
160.
Animals and plants have evolved together, with animals acting as pollinators for plants. List two examples of this type of coevolution. The bee and
Angiosperms are __flowering___ plants.
the flower, the hummingbird and the flower, the bat and the flower
161.
Which type of organism has a 4 chambered heart? mammals
162.
Which type of organism has a 3 chambered heart? amphibians
163.
Which type of organism has a 2 chambered heart? annelid worms – earth worm
164.
Which group, plant or animals, have Hormones, Auxin, Gibberellins, and Cytokinins? Plants
165.
Which group of organisms (2) breath through their skin? amphibians and worms
166.
I move with legs, and my kidney removes gases. I have a brain and use my nervous system to communicate. I breathe through my skin and through
the lining in my mouth. As adults, we are carnivores and sexually reproduce. I am looking for a female to reproduce with. One of us will have to stay
with the eggs to ensure their safety, this means I need a very kind and focused female. I have a bi-life, one in water and one on land. What type of
organism am I? Amphibian
167.
If a cell is placed in an environment where salt is 94%, what will happen to the cell? The cell will shrink
168.
Why? b/c there is more water inside the cell than outside so the water will move out from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration.
169.
If we deal with the water entering or leaving a cell by passive transport, what word is this definition for? osmosis
170.
If a cell is placed in an environment where salt is 94%, and water entered the cell, would this be passive or active transport? Active transport b/c
water is moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Opposite of passive
171.
Does this need energy? yes energy is required
172.
When thinking about the energy pyramid, what happens to the amount of energy as you go up the pyramid? less energy available (10% decrease
between each level of available energy
173.
What about the amount of organisms? Same, less number of organisms as you go up the pyramid
174.
What about the biomass?
175.
What are the producers in this picture? leaves, leaves and berries
Same, less mass of organisms as you go up the pyramid
Food Web
Food Chain
176.
What are the autotrophic organisms? Leaves, leaves and berries: they make their own food
177.
What are the primary consumers in the picture above? Squirrel, grasshopper, mouse, rabbit (total of 4 arrows coming off of the producers showing
what is eating the producers)
178.
What does it mean to be heterotrophic? can’t make your own food, must get it from environment
179.
Which organism is an omnivore in the picture above? Mouse
180.
Which organisms are secondary consumers in the picture above? fox, frog, mouse, and snake
181.
Which organisms are missing from the web in the picture above? Decomposers (usually bacteria)
182.
What is the difference between a food chain and food web? a chain doesn’t show all the relationships (see question 178)
183.
Who came up with the term cell? Robert Hooke
184.
Who is the father of genetics? Mendel
185.
What organism did he work with to determine the complete inheritance pattern? Pea Plants
186.
Which three scientists discovered the structure of DNA? Watson and Crick, and R. Franklin
187.
Who used the microscope to see the “little beasties”? Leeuwenhoek
188.
What biological theory did Pasture and Redi prove? Theory of biogenesis
189.
What biological theory did they disprove? Spontaneous Generation (living things can come from non-living material)
190.
What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis? (REACTANTS – left of the arrow) carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O) + sunlight (aka solar
or radiant)  (PRODUCTS- right side of arrow) oxygen (O) + glucose (C6H12O6)+ water (H20) (Remember this is stored energy in the bonds of the
glucose)
191.
What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration? (REACTANTS – left of the arrow) oxygen (O) + glucose (C6H12O6)+ water (H20) 
(PRODUCTS- right side of arrow) carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O)+ 36 ATPs (Remember this is released energy)
192.
Which process is anaerobic? Fermentation (REACTANTS – left of the arrow) glucose (C6H12O6)+ water (H20)  (PRODUCTS- right side of arrow)
carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O) +2ATPs (Remember this is released energy) Remember this is with OUT oxygen
193.
Which process is aerobic? Cellular respiration
194.
Which human aliment is responsible for muscle fatigue? Lactic acid fermentation
195.
Yeast produces what through fermentation? Alcohol
196.
Which two processes drive the carbon cycle? photosynthesis and cellular respiration
197.
Which process produces the most energy? cellular respiration
198.
How much energy is produced through the previous process? 36 ATPs
199.
What is that energy called? Adenosine (A) Tri- (T) Phosphate (P)
200.
What are the two differences between cellular respiration and fermentation? cellular respiration requires oxygen and produces 36 ATPS while
fermentation (alcoholic and lactic acid) do not require oxygen and only produce 2 ATPs
201.
Where does cellular respiration get the components to produce it's energy? Photosynthesis
202.
What are the three things that affect the rate of enzyme reaction? Concentration (either enzyme or substrate), pH, and temperature
ember, enzyme does not get used up or
does.
Rem
change, the substrate
203.
What is a learned behavior? A way of acting that is taught or acquired through experience
204.
Give 3 examples. habituation, classical conditioning, trial and error
205.
What is an innate behavior? a way of acting based on inherited traits
206.
Give 3 examples. migration, taxis, hibernation, estivation, instincts
207.
What is a social behavior? a way of acting directed towards society, or taking place between, members of the same species
208.
Give 3 examples. communication, territory defense, courtship
209.
What happens to the plant and animal cell during the final stage of cell division? cytokinesis
210.
This process above is: __cellular division______________ and takes place in the
211.
______nucleus_________, specifically on the chromosomes.
212.
Central dogma of biology: DNA--> __RNA__ --> __Protein___.
213.
A Mutation is:__a change in the nitrogenous base sequence/s on the DNA_________.
214.
This may ultimately change the sequence of _amino_
215.
Explain Lamarck's theory of use and disuse. If you use it, it will be passed on to your offspring if not it won’t.
216.
Explain below in complete sentences, evolution using the words: Charles Darwin, Natural Selection, adaptations, as evidenced by homologous
__acids________ that code for a protein.
structures, relative dating, carbon dating, DNA (biochemical evidence), fossils, and claudograms /phylogenic tree. This will be worth 20 points.
Charles Darwin was the father of Evolution. He stated that the natural selection process is based on variations with in a species. Those traits that
give one organism an advantage over the others of the species (longer neck to reach leaves higher in the trees) will be more likely to survive and
pass those specific traits onto their offspring. These variations are caused by mutations, crossing over, sexual reproduction and especially
environment.
Charles Darwin compared homologous structures especially with the Galapagos island finches in order to come up with his theory. Today we have
other evidences to support evolution. These include relative dating where scientists approximate fossil age based on the layer they are found in.
Fossils found closer to the bottom are older (the layer was laid down first) than the ones found near the top (layers formed after). Carbon dating on
the other hand, is used as evidence for fossil age based on the amount of carbon left in a fossil (half life of carbon).
Biochemical evidence is DNA type evidence. This would include DNA fingerprinting, specific markers within the DNA, molecular evidence (how
many A, T, C, and Gs two species of organism have in common). Remember, the A, T, C, and Gs code for specific amino acids.
Vestigial structures are organs or parts that organisms have but don’t use anymore like the appendix showing, scientists believe, that we shared a
common ancestor.
Embryology is another form of evidence for evolution. The fact that at specific times during early development many organisms look the same is the
bases for embryology. Remember the picture of the fetuses (babies) where the pig, human, chicken, rabbit etc. looked very much the same; this is
the evidence scientists have.
Claudigram and phylogenic trees show evolutionary relationships. They show how organisms’ structure or classification relates to each other.
Claudigram – more like a line or chain
Phylogenic tree – more like a web
217. Which of the following statements is not part of the cell theory?
a. all organism are made of cells
b. the cell is the basic unit of life
c. all organisms reproduce sexually
d. all cells come from pre-existing cells
218. Cells fall into two main categories (eukaryotic or prokaryotic) depending on whether they
a. contain DNA
b. have ribosomes
c. have a nucleus
d. have cell membrane
219. A student observes a cell under a microscope and determines that it is a prokaryote. What did the student probably observe?
a. a cell that has a nucleus
b. a cell that lacks a nucleus
c. a cell that has DNA
d. a cell that lacks a cell wall
PRIMARY DIFFFERENCE IN CELL DIVISION OF A PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL IS THAT
220. Animal cells _________Pinch _________________apart (cleavage furrow)
221. Plant cells form a -------Cell _______ Plate________
222. What three factors affect the rate of enzyme reaction? 1. __pH _____
2. ____temperature____ 3. ___concentration (or enzyme or substrate)_____
223. Enzymes are SPECIFIC, they end with ___-ase____ and are responsible for breaking down and speeding up (catalysts) reactions for substrates or sugars
which end with ____ -ose ______. What organic molecules are considered sugars ____carbohydrates______
224. pH is a number scale identifying acids and bases. a. 1 to 6.9 are ____ acids-______ b. 7.1 to 14 are _____ bases_____.
225. Plants are also known as
a. ___producers____ and b. ____autotrophs_______.
226. Cellular respiration (also known as ____aerobic_____ respiration (hint: with oxygen) produces ____36____ATPs (ATP is adenosine triphosphate-which is
______potential ____energy at the cellular level – AKA unit if measure of released energy).
227. O2 + C6H12O6 + H2O → CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP
______Cellular Respiration_________
228. Cellular Respiration occurs in which organelle? ____mitochondria_________(both plants_in seeds_and animals (humans) use cellular respiration)
229. Fermentation (also known as) ____anaerobic_______respiration (hint: withOUT oxygen) have two types:
1. ___alcoholic fermentation____ where alcohol, CO2 and 2 ATPs are produced ______ (by yeast or bacteria )
2. ___lactic acid fermentation____where lactic acid, CO2 and 2 ATPs are produced _____ (in muscles – cramps or sore)
230. Fermentation produces ___2 ATP_______
231. Photosynthesis occurs in plants and some bacteria. This is an energy storing process. This process uses energy from the ________sun_____(solar) to
produce food for the plant in the form of _____glucose______. Humans eat plants to transform this food into the energy source for cellular respiration in the form of
____ATP______..
232. The process of photosynthesis takes place in what organelle? _____chloroplasts________.
233. CO2 +H2O + SUN → O2 + C6H12O6 + H2O ______photosynthesis______________
234. Homeostasis is responsible for regulating the body'''''''''s 1. ___pH_____ 2. __temperature____3. _____water balance____ 4. ___glucose levels____
235. What part of the cell is responsible for maintaining homeostasis? _______cell/plasma membrane_______
236. Compare/Contrast
Passive transport
Active Transport
b. with out energy
b. with energy (ATP)
c. with concentration gradient
c. against concentration gradient
(from high concentration to low)
(from low concentration to high)
d. examples – osmosis, diffusion
d. examples- active transport
facilitated diffusion
237. SALT does what to water? Salt sucks – (why you are thirsty after eating chips or fries)
238. As you move up the biomass, numbers or energy pyramid, ____biomass, numbers and energy decreases_______
239. List the tropic levels of the biomass, energy, and numbers pyramid from the bottom to the top
___produces___ ____primary consumers(1st order)______secondary consumer's (2nd order)_______ and tertiary consumers (3rd order)
herbivores -only eat plants carnivores – only eat meat omnivores – eat both
240. biotic factors – living parts of an ecosystem -bacteria, plants, animals
241. abiotic factors-nonliving parts of an ecosystem – climate, weather, rocks, temperature etc.
population → community → ecosystem (includes the different biomes) → biosphere
242. People that must restrict their diet of protein (more specifically the amino acid Phenylalanine) have what genetic disease? ____PKU_____
243. Genetic disease that affect the shape of red blood cells? ____sickle cell anemia_________
244. Passive immunity __immunity the body's acquires with out immune system response ____from mother to child____and anti-venom______
245. Active immunity___immunity the body actually has to go through the immune system response _______vaccinations______________
b-cells create antibodies that block antigens and t-cells that create killer cells that kill pathogens (bacteria or viruses)-both b-cells and t-cells have memory cells
that allow the body to respond quicker so you will not get sick a second time with that specific pathogen_______
246. Remember Labs
toothpickase –
what affected the rate (how fast) your hands (toothpickase) broke the substrate (toothpicks) – temperature, concentration but remember pH also
affects rate of enzyme action
High to low activity
(Carbon dioxide (CO2) production) -high activity greater CO2 production (more drops needed to change it back)-blowing into the straws
into the bromothymol blue changing color from a blue color to a green or even a yellowish color. Remember Seeds (PLANTS) do cellular respiration as well as
photosynthesis
Liquid lunch (who stole the ipod or microscope)
Biuret's turn from blue to violet in the presence of protein
Benedict’s turns from a blue anywhere to olive green or orange to brick red in the presence of simple sugar
Iodine turns from a amber to blue black in the presence of starch
Brown paper bag has a translucent spot in the presence of lipids (fats)
Energy in food (burned walnuts, almonds, and marshmallows
lipids contain the most calories per gram at 9cal/gram – twice as much as the other macromolecules
Microscope /cells types labs
onion root tip cells are plant cells stained with iodine
cheek cells are animal cells stained with methylene blue
can see cell wall and chloroplasts, and nucleus in plants
can see plasma membrane and nucleus in animals
Strawberry DNA lab
can extract DNA from any living cells – snot on a stick
shampoo removes oil from our hair by breaking the plasma (cellular) membrane-remember the plasma membrane is made up mostly of
a phospholipid bi-layer thus the shampoo breaks down the lipids in the cell membrane allowing us to get to the nucleus
The salt brought out the DNA (precipitate out)
Who gives a hoot
there are limiting factors in populations – natural resources like food, water, space to live
dynamics of group (number and type) of families or groups of organisms affect population numbers
pesticides that human use affect other organisms and thus affect populations
deforestation is a factor in population of organisms as trees and plants give us oxygen and take CO 2 out of the atmosphere