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EOC Study Guide 1. What are the differences between plant and animal cells? Plant cells have chloroplasts, large vacuoles, and a cell wall while animal cells have centrioles that plant cells don’t. 2. How do they look? Plant cells are square-ish while animal cells are roundish. 3. What is the function of the plasma membrane? to let some materials in and keep others out – (semi-permeable) 4. How does it look in a cell? Draw it 5. What is the function of a vacuole? Store nutrients/materials/wastes for the cell 6. Can you find it in a cell? 7. What is the function of a ribosome? to make (synthesis) proteins 8. What are examples of proteins? enzymes, hormones, insulin, and hemoglobin 9. Gametes are the productions of which type of reproduction? sexual reproduction (meiosis) 10. Put the phases in order from start to finish. c, b, e, a, d 11. Why do muscle cells in athletes have more mitochondria than non-athletes? athletes need more energy than non-athletes since mitochondria makes energy, they have more 12. What are the four organic molecules and their subunits (building blocks, monomers): proteins – amino acids, carbs – glucose (monosacchride), lipids – tri-glycerides (3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol), nucleic acids - nucleotides 13. Excess Glucose is stored as what in plants? cellulose or starch 14. In animals? glycogen 15. What are examples of carbohydrates? sugar and starch 16. Give examples of polysaccharides. table sugar, dextrose, sucrose 17. What is budding in reproduction? unequal dividing of a cell’s cytoplasm into two cells 18. Asexual or sexual? asexual 19. What is mitosis and explain characteristics? a process of cellular division where one cell divides into two identical cells (pairs of homologous chromosomes) 20. Skin cell is mitotic/meiotic? mitotic 21. What is meiosis and explain characteristics? a process of cellular division where one cell divides into four genetically different cells (sister chromatids) 22. What is crossing over? exchange of the tips of chromosomes genetic material during meiosis 23. What is the result? genetic variation and diversity 24. Mutations occur in what type of cells? gametes (sex cells) 25. What is mRNA ? messenger RiboNucleic Acid 26. What is tRNA? transfer RiboNucleic Acid 27. What does mRNA do? takes the coded message from the nucleus to the ribosome through the cytoplasm 28. What does tRNA do? takes the specific coded amino acid to the ribosome and docks with the codon on mRNA 29. What nitrogen base is NOT found in RNA Thymine (T) 30. Draw a picture of protein synthesis. Include amino acid, ribosome, tRNA, mRNA, etc. YOU NEED TO DRAW THIS NOT COPY AND PASTE THE PICTURE-I ALREADY KNOW HOW TO DRAW IT-YOU NEED TO KNOW!!!!! 31. The mRNA codon is UGC, what is the tRNA anti-codon? ACG 32. If a mRNA codon is AUC, what is the DNA section? TAG 33. Where does replication, transcription and translation occur in the cell? Transcription – nucleus Translation in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes (remember-DNA never leaves the nucleus so the code is transcribed from DNA into mRNA, mRNA then leaves the cell nucleus to go to the ribosome in the cytoplasm) 34. The ribosome is involved which one: replication, transcription, or translation? Translation 35. What is taken to the ribosome? the code to make a protein 36. What are homologous chromosomes? chromosomes that are the same – only in mitosis 37. Are they found in gametes? no not found in gametes 38. What is a mutation? A change is what? BE SPECIFIC!!!! (hint: gene) a change in the nitrogen bases of DNA 39. What is a test cross? crossing an unknown genotype with a known genotype to determine whether or not the original is pure, true breeding homozygous (HH) or hybrid heterozygous (Hh) 40. Show and explain an example of a test cross. R R r R r rRr Rr rr Rr r rRr Rr rr Rr If I am have a red rose and red is dominate to white and I need to know if the rose is pure bred or hybrid I can do a test cross. If I cross the red unknown genotype (RR or Rr) with the known genotype (rr)If the offspring of the cross show only one color then the original was pure bred, homozygous, if the offspring show half and half, then the original was hybrid or heterozygous. 41. What is the purpose of a test cross? to find the genotype of an organism trait that is complete dominance 42. What is independent assortment? Chromosomes sort out independently of each other 43. How can this be used to explain how offspring have different combinations of traits? Traits on single chromosomes formed during meiosis form different combinations when egg and sperm come together during fertilization 44. What are the alleles for ABO blood? IA, IB, iO 45. What type of inheritance is this? codominance 46. What are the genotypes for all blood types? A= IA IA, IA, iO 47. What alleles are codominant? IA IB, 48. What is a monohybrid cross? a cross of parents using only one trait (even though there are two forms of the trait (gene) – EX. red and white color of B= IB IB, IB, iO AB IA IB, O= iO iO the petals) 49. If red is dominant (R) and white is recessive (r), show the cross between a homozygous white and a heterozygous R r r Rr rr r Rr rr 50. What is a sex-linked trait? A gene (trait) located on the sex chromosomes 51. Give examples and explain. hemophilia, male patterned baldness – gene for the trait is located on the X chromosome 52. Is the allele for the examples carried on the X chromosome or Y chromosome? 53. Is the example dominant or recessive? hemophilia is recessive, male patterned baldness recessive 54. What is a pedigree? a diagram that can determine a trait throughout several generations 55. How can you use a pedigree to see inheritance of traits? Males have a square, females a circle, if the square or circle is completely filled in, that individual is affected with the trait, on some pedigrees-if half the circle or square colored in represents a carrier. Remember, sex linked traits can not have males as carriers but the other autosomes (chromosomes not sex chromosomes) can. Can determine genotype of individuals in several instances and whether or not it is a recessive or dominate trait 56. What is recombinant DNA? DNA from a foreign source combined with the original DNA creating a recombined DNA in the original organism 57. What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid 58. Draw a picture to illustrate how recombinant DNA is formed. 59. What is genetic engineering? also called genetic modification, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's DNA technology. It involves the introduction of genome using modern foreign DNA or synthetic genes into the organism of interest. Producing a product 60. Does this involve natural reproduction? no 61. Give examples genetic engineering. Human insulin, human growth hormone, golden rice, spider silk 62. Define cloning. Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. 63. Does cloning result in genetically identical offspring or genetically different offspring? the same 64. Will the clones be the same or different sex? same sex 65. Why haven’t scientists cloned humans? It is not ethical 66. What are some concerns and ethical issues about genomics and biotechnology. Would a clone have rights? Could an insurance company deny insurance to specific people based on their DNA? Who has rights to the clone? If a company spends money on creating a clone does it have the rights to that clone? Is it ok to take stem cells from aborted babies? 67. What is transformation? The genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of other genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surrounding and taken up through the cell membrane(s) transforming that organism. 68. 69. What are the steps of transformation? See #58. In addition, bacteria and viruses are used for transformation. Some organisms can naturally take in foreign DNA What is the hierarchy of cell organization? organelles to cells to tissue to organs to organ systems, organism 70. Are all cells different or alike? cell may be different (brain cells, skin cells etc.) 71. Do the cells work together or independently? all cells work together 72. Define prokaryote and eukaryote. prokaryote – usually single celled, usually anaerobic, no membrane bound organelles (no nucleus) eukaryotesusually multi-celled, anaerobic and aerobic, contains membrane bound organelles (mitochondria, ribosome, ER, chloroplasts, vacuole) 73. Give examples of each. Prokaryote – bacteria (yeast) Eukaryote (EU –pronounced -you) humans, plants, animals, fungus 74. What is the difference between the examples for eukaryote? Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles 75. What is the central dogma of biology? DNA to RNA to a Protein 76. Explain each step. DNA codes for a specific gene by creating mRNA from that portion of DNA (transcription). mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes through the cytoplasm to the ribosome. The ribosome clamps onto the mRNA at the first codon and tRNA brings that specific amino acid based on the codon to the ribosome. tRNA docks with mRNA based on complementary base pairing (A-U C-G) anti-codon to codon. tRNA leaves its specific amino acid at the ribosome as peptide bonds are formed between amino acids left in the specific order predetermined by the DNA code (translation). Mitosis: Fill in each block with CORRECT answer 77. Parent (diploid or haploid) Diploid (di=2, double) 78. Offspring (diploid or haploid) Diploid 79. Chromosome number in offspring 2n 80. Identical/genetically different than Identical parent 81. Types of cells produced Body cells (skin brain) 82. Purpose Growth and tissue repair 83. Asexual / Sexual Asexual Meiosis: Fill in each block with CORRECT answer 84. Parent (diploid or haploid) Diploid 85. Offspring (diploid or haploid) Haploid (half) 86. Chromosome number in offspring n 87. Identical/genetically different than Different genetically parent 88. Types of cells produced Gametes, sex cells, egg, 89. Purpose Genetically variable cells 90. Asexual / Sexual Sexual sperm 91. What type of cell division does prokaryotic cells undergo? mitosis, asexual, either binary fission or budding 92. What about Eukaryote cells? mitosis and meiosis 93. What happens differently in cell division with plants and animals? a cell plate is formed in plant cells 94. Who is Lamarck? Created a theory explaining why there are some many different adaptations in organisms 95. What is his theory? Theory of Use and disuse –if you use it, it will be passed on if not it won’t 96. Give an example. If a person acquires large muscles through lifting weights, his or her offspring will have large muscles when they are born. 97. Is his theory considered correct? no 98. What is evolution? Basically small changes over long periods of time. Natural Selection is a driving force that moves evolution based on the principle that there is variation (due to mutations and sexual reproduction) within a species population and a specific environment gives advantage to one organism over another of the same species. The one organism with the advantage will be more likely to survive and pass on its genes to their offspring, thus the advantageous trait will become more prevalent in the population. 99. Explain the concept of common ancestor. Due to the evidences of evolution (see question 219), if we have a trait in common with other organisms, we had a common ancestor somewhere in previous time. 100. What has greatest effect on the rate of evolution? Environment 101. Which scientist is credited with the theory of evolution? Charles Darwin 102. Who are Stanley Miller and Urey? They created an experiment that proved with the gases from early earth, amino acids (organic compounds) could be created. 103. Explain their experiment. Used methane, hydrogen, water vapor, ammonia, hydrochloric acid and put electricity through it and organic compounds and amino acids were created. 104. What did they attempt to do, what was important about their experiment? creating organic from inorganic compounds 105. Name the seven level hierarchy system (categories of classification). Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family genus, species 106. Which is most general? kingdom 107. Which is most specific? species 108. How many kingdoms are there (most acceptable right now)? five 109. Who is Linnaeus? Created the binomial nomenclature (2 name naming system) are the genes and species of an organism (scientific name) 110. What is he credited with creating (name of)? binomial nomenclature 111. How is this used today? (hint it is in the non common name) scientific name 112. What happens to the image of specimen when it is changed from low to high? less of the object is seen but in greater detail 113. What is important about the structure of a Protein? shape –makes it specific to its substrate 114. These are to be worn in the lab to protect what 115. . 116. 117. eyes List in order (the format )for a formal lab report. Title, purpose, hypothesis, procedure (materials and steps), data, conclusion Proteins are composed of __amino_ __acids__ bonded together by _____peptide__ bonds. In the lab, we added 3 drops of Biuret’s solution to a mystery food. The indicator turned from deep blue to violet. What macromolecule was present? protein 118. In the lab we added 3 drops of Benedict’s solution to a mystery food. The indicator turned from blue to yellow. What macromolecule and example was present? carbs - sugar 119. In the lab, we viewed specimens under a microscope through a 10X eyepiece and a 40X objective. What was our magnification? 400x 120. Who saw the first bacteria (little beasties)? Leeuwenhoek 121. I store water and aid in digestion. I am larger in the plant cell than in the animal cell-who am I? vacuole 122. Why am I larger in a plant cell? plants can’t move must have larger storage 123. I surround the cell and am made up of a phospholipids bilayer and proteins- who am I? cell membrane 124. What does it mean to be selectively permeable? lets some in keeps others out 125. Explain the term Fluid Mosaic Model. liquid acting but made up of many parts 126. I absorb sunlight in the plant cell and I am the location of photosynthesis- who 127. I am a protective barrier surrounding the plant cell and I am made of cellulose-who am I? cell wall 128. Give an example of geographical isolation. river, island, canyon, mountain 129. “Survival of the Fittest” best describes which theory? Evolution 130. Put the following in order of there appearance on Earth: First Anaerobic heterotrophs 131. What did Alexander Oparin hypothesize? Life started in the oceans 132. Describe the conditions on early Earth? hot, can’t support life, gases 133. Put the following events in order of their appearance on Earth: Second 1st cell developed am I? chloroplasts Second Aerobic autotrophs sixth organisms used photosynthesis First complex organic molecules form fifth eukaryotic Fourth prokaryotes appear Third organisms use chemosynthesis (making chemicals) 134. Based on the biochemical evidence, which two organisms are more closely related? human and chimpanzee Organism Amino acid Human Gly Amino acid Horse Leu His His Chimpanzee Gly Ala Leu Ala Amino acid Leu 135. Compare biogenesis vs. spontaneous generation. (include the scientist names that proved or disproved these ideas) biogenesis – life creation: Pasteur (s-shaped flask) Redi (maggots on meat) proved biogenesis spontaneous generation –life from non-living material –disproved by Redi and Pasteur 136. Define taxonomy study of classification of organisms 137. What is a cladogram? See question 219 138. Explain the purpose of a dichotomous key. Using only two ways to categorize organisms’ adaptations, a dichotomous key will lead you through specific questions based only on two categories at a time, eventually you will be able to identify the organism. 139. Under the category of Bryophytes, what anchoring structure do mosses have instead of roots? rhizoids 140. Why are mosses usually restricted to moist habitats? must live in moist due to lack of vascular tissue to transport water long distances 141. What is the first generation produced in mosses? gametophyte 142. What is the second generation produced in mosses? sporophyte 143. Under the category of Ferns, what do ferns have instead of seeds? spores 144. What is the gametophyte stage of a fern called? alternation of generations 145. What are three examples of gymnosperms? cycads, pine trees, gingko 146. What makes a gymnosperm a gymnosperm? modified leaves that have a cuticle (needles) to reduce evaporation, most are evergreen, dry climate 147. In pine trees which is larger, the male or female cones? female cones 148. What adaptation allowed plants to make the move to life on land? seeds 149. Under the category of Angiosperms 150. Where are angiosperm seeds found? within fruit 151. What process must angiosperms go through before they can reproduce? pollination 152. Give three examples of angiosperms. roses, apple trees, dogwood 153. How many seed leaves do monocots start with? one 154. How many seed leaves do dicots start with? two 155. Angiosperms get their name because the ___seeds__ are produced inside a _fruit___________. 156. Angiosperms are vascular plants with xylem and phloem. These are tube or straw like parts in most plants. 157. In which direction does xylem flow? up, xylem brings water and nutrients up to the leaves 158. In which direction does phloem flow? down, phloem flows down bringing water to the roots 159. How can a plant control the amount of carbon dioxide it takes in and the amount of water it loses? the stomata 160. Animals and plants have evolved together, with animals acting as pollinators for plants. List two examples of this type of coevolution. The bee and Angiosperms are __flowering___ plants. the flower, the hummingbird and the flower, the bat and the flower 161. Which type of organism has a 4 chambered heart? mammals 162. Which type of organism has a 3 chambered heart? amphibians 163. Which type of organism has a 2 chambered heart? annelid worms – earth worm 164. Which group, plant or animals, have Hormones, Auxin, Gibberellins, and Cytokinins? Plants 165. Which group of organisms (2) breath through their skin? amphibians and worms 166. I move with legs, and my kidney removes gases. I have a brain and use my nervous system to communicate. I breathe through my skin and through the lining in my mouth. As adults, we are carnivores and sexually reproduce. I am looking for a female to reproduce with. One of us will have to stay with the eggs to ensure their safety, this means I need a very kind and focused female. I have a bi-life, one in water and one on land. What type of organism am I? Amphibian 167. If a cell is placed in an environment where salt is 94%, what will happen to the cell? The cell will shrink 168. Why? b/c there is more water inside the cell than outside so the water will move out from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. 169. If we deal with the water entering or leaving a cell by passive transport, what word is this definition for? osmosis 170. If a cell is placed in an environment where salt is 94%, and water entered the cell, would this be passive or active transport? Active transport b/c water is moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Opposite of passive 171. Does this need energy? yes energy is required 172. When thinking about the energy pyramid, what happens to the amount of energy as you go up the pyramid? less energy available (10% decrease between each level of available energy 173. What about the amount of organisms? Same, less number of organisms as you go up the pyramid 174. What about the biomass? 175. What are the producers in this picture? leaves, leaves and berries Same, less mass of organisms as you go up the pyramid Food Web Food Chain 176. What are the autotrophic organisms? Leaves, leaves and berries: they make their own food 177. What are the primary consumers in the picture above? Squirrel, grasshopper, mouse, rabbit (total of 4 arrows coming off of the producers showing what is eating the producers) 178. What does it mean to be heterotrophic? can’t make your own food, must get it from environment 179. Which organism is an omnivore in the picture above? Mouse 180. Which organisms are secondary consumers in the picture above? fox, frog, mouse, and snake 181. Which organisms are missing from the web in the picture above? Decomposers (usually bacteria) 182. What is the difference between a food chain and food web? a chain doesn’t show all the relationships (see question 178) 183. Who came up with the term cell? Robert Hooke 184. Who is the father of genetics? Mendel 185. What organism did he work with to determine the complete inheritance pattern? Pea Plants 186. Which three scientists discovered the structure of DNA? Watson and Crick, and R. Franklin 187. Who used the microscope to see the “little beasties”? Leeuwenhoek 188. What biological theory did Pasture and Redi prove? Theory of biogenesis 189. What biological theory did they disprove? Spontaneous Generation (living things can come from non-living material) 190. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis? (REACTANTS – left of the arrow) carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O) + sunlight (aka solar or radiant) (PRODUCTS- right side of arrow) oxygen (O) + glucose (C6H12O6)+ water (H20) (Remember this is stored energy in the bonds of the glucose) 191. What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration? (REACTANTS – left of the arrow) oxygen (O) + glucose (C6H12O6)+ water (H20) (PRODUCTS- right side of arrow) carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O)+ 36 ATPs (Remember this is released energy) 192. Which process is anaerobic? Fermentation (REACTANTS – left of the arrow) glucose (C6H12O6)+ water (H20) (PRODUCTS- right side of arrow) carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O) +2ATPs (Remember this is released energy) Remember this is with OUT oxygen 193. Which process is aerobic? Cellular respiration 194. Which human aliment is responsible for muscle fatigue? Lactic acid fermentation 195. Yeast produces what through fermentation? Alcohol 196. Which two processes drive the carbon cycle? photosynthesis and cellular respiration 197. Which process produces the most energy? cellular respiration 198. How much energy is produced through the previous process? 36 ATPs 199. What is that energy called? Adenosine (A) Tri- (T) Phosphate (P) 200. What are the two differences between cellular respiration and fermentation? cellular respiration requires oxygen and produces 36 ATPS while fermentation (alcoholic and lactic acid) do not require oxygen and only produce 2 ATPs 201. Where does cellular respiration get the components to produce it's energy? Photosynthesis 202. What are the three things that affect the rate of enzyme reaction? Concentration (either enzyme or substrate), pH, and temperature ember, enzyme does not get used up or does. Rem change, the substrate 203. What is a learned behavior? A way of acting that is taught or acquired through experience 204. Give 3 examples. habituation, classical conditioning, trial and error 205. What is an innate behavior? a way of acting based on inherited traits 206. Give 3 examples. migration, taxis, hibernation, estivation, instincts 207. What is a social behavior? a way of acting directed towards society, or taking place between, members of the same species 208. Give 3 examples. communication, territory defense, courtship 209. What happens to the plant and animal cell during the final stage of cell division? cytokinesis 210. This process above is: __cellular division______________ and takes place in the 211. ______nucleus_________, specifically on the chromosomes. 212. Central dogma of biology: DNA--> __RNA__ --> __Protein___. 213. A Mutation is:__a change in the nitrogenous base sequence/s on the DNA_________. 214. This may ultimately change the sequence of _amino_ 215. Explain Lamarck's theory of use and disuse. If you use it, it will be passed on to your offspring if not it won’t. 216. Explain below in complete sentences, evolution using the words: Charles Darwin, Natural Selection, adaptations, as evidenced by homologous __acids________ that code for a protein. structures, relative dating, carbon dating, DNA (biochemical evidence), fossils, and claudograms /phylogenic tree. This will be worth 20 points. Charles Darwin was the father of Evolution. He stated that the natural selection process is based on variations with in a species. Those traits that give one organism an advantage over the others of the species (longer neck to reach leaves higher in the trees) will be more likely to survive and pass those specific traits onto their offspring. These variations are caused by mutations, crossing over, sexual reproduction and especially environment. Charles Darwin compared homologous structures especially with the Galapagos island finches in order to come up with his theory. Today we have other evidences to support evolution. These include relative dating where scientists approximate fossil age based on the layer they are found in. Fossils found closer to the bottom are older (the layer was laid down first) than the ones found near the top (layers formed after). Carbon dating on the other hand, is used as evidence for fossil age based on the amount of carbon left in a fossil (half life of carbon). Biochemical evidence is DNA type evidence. This would include DNA fingerprinting, specific markers within the DNA, molecular evidence (how many A, T, C, and Gs two species of organism have in common). Remember, the A, T, C, and Gs code for specific amino acids. Vestigial structures are organs or parts that organisms have but don’t use anymore like the appendix showing, scientists believe, that we shared a common ancestor. Embryology is another form of evidence for evolution. The fact that at specific times during early development many organisms look the same is the bases for embryology. Remember the picture of the fetuses (babies) where the pig, human, chicken, rabbit etc. looked very much the same; this is the evidence scientists have. Claudigram and phylogenic trees show evolutionary relationships. They show how organisms’ structure or classification relates to each other. Claudigram – more like a line or chain Phylogenic tree – more like a web 217. Which of the following statements is not part of the cell theory? a. all organism are made of cells b. the cell is the basic unit of life c. all organisms reproduce sexually d. all cells come from pre-existing cells 218. Cells fall into two main categories (eukaryotic or prokaryotic) depending on whether they a. contain DNA b. have ribosomes c. have a nucleus d. have cell membrane 219. A student observes a cell under a microscope and determines that it is a prokaryote. What did the student probably observe? a. a cell that has a nucleus b. a cell that lacks a nucleus c. a cell that has DNA d. a cell that lacks a cell wall PRIMARY DIFFFERENCE IN CELL DIVISION OF A PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL IS THAT 220. Animal cells _________Pinch _________________apart (cleavage furrow) 221. Plant cells form a -------Cell _______ Plate________ 222. What three factors affect the rate of enzyme reaction? 1. __pH _____ 2. ____temperature____ 3. ___concentration (or enzyme or substrate)_____ 223. Enzymes are SPECIFIC, they end with ___-ase____ and are responsible for breaking down and speeding up (catalysts) reactions for substrates or sugars which end with ____ -ose ______. What organic molecules are considered sugars ____carbohydrates______ 224. pH is a number scale identifying acids and bases. a. 1 to 6.9 are ____ acids-______ b. 7.1 to 14 are _____ bases_____. 225. Plants are also known as a. ___producers____ and b. ____autotrophs_______. 226. Cellular respiration (also known as ____aerobic_____ respiration (hint: with oxygen) produces ____36____ATPs (ATP is adenosine triphosphate-which is ______potential ____energy at the cellular level – AKA unit if measure of released energy). 227. O2 + C6H12O6 + H2O → CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP ______Cellular Respiration_________ 228. Cellular Respiration occurs in which organelle? ____mitochondria_________(both plants_in seeds_and animals (humans) use cellular respiration) 229. Fermentation (also known as) ____anaerobic_______respiration (hint: withOUT oxygen) have two types: 1. ___alcoholic fermentation____ where alcohol, CO2 and 2 ATPs are produced ______ (by yeast or bacteria ) 2. ___lactic acid fermentation____where lactic acid, CO2 and 2 ATPs are produced _____ (in muscles – cramps or sore) 230. Fermentation produces ___2 ATP_______ 231. Photosynthesis occurs in plants and some bacteria. This is an energy storing process. This process uses energy from the ________sun_____(solar) to produce food for the plant in the form of _____glucose______. Humans eat plants to transform this food into the energy source for cellular respiration in the form of ____ATP______.. 232. The process of photosynthesis takes place in what organelle? _____chloroplasts________. 233. CO2 +H2O + SUN → O2 + C6H12O6 + H2O ______photosynthesis______________ 234. Homeostasis is responsible for regulating the body'''''''''s 1. ___pH_____ 2. __temperature____3. _____water balance____ 4. ___glucose levels____ 235. What part of the cell is responsible for maintaining homeostasis? _______cell/plasma membrane_______ 236. Compare/Contrast Passive transport Active Transport b. with out energy b. with energy (ATP) c. with concentration gradient c. against concentration gradient (from high concentration to low) (from low concentration to high) d. examples – osmosis, diffusion d. examples- active transport facilitated diffusion 237. SALT does what to water? Salt sucks – (why you are thirsty after eating chips or fries) 238. As you move up the biomass, numbers or energy pyramid, ____biomass, numbers and energy decreases_______ 239. List the tropic levels of the biomass, energy, and numbers pyramid from the bottom to the top ___produces___ ____primary consumers(1st order)______secondary consumer's (2nd order)_______ and tertiary consumers (3rd order) herbivores -only eat plants carnivores – only eat meat omnivores – eat both 240. biotic factors – living parts of an ecosystem -bacteria, plants, animals 241. abiotic factors-nonliving parts of an ecosystem – climate, weather, rocks, temperature etc. population → community → ecosystem (includes the different biomes) → biosphere 242. People that must restrict their diet of protein (more specifically the amino acid Phenylalanine) have what genetic disease? ____PKU_____ 243. Genetic disease that affect the shape of red blood cells? ____sickle cell anemia_________ 244. Passive immunity __immunity the body's acquires with out immune system response ____from mother to child____and anti-venom______ 245. Active immunity___immunity the body actually has to go through the immune system response _______vaccinations______________ b-cells create antibodies that block antigens and t-cells that create killer cells that kill pathogens (bacteria or viruses)-both b-cells and t-cells have memory cells that allow the body to respond quicker so you will not get sick a second time with that specific pathogen_______ 246. Remember Labs toothpickase – what affected the rate (how fast) your hands (toothpickase) broke the substrate (toothpicks) – temperature, concentration but remember pH also affects rate of enzyme action High to low activity (Carbon dioxide (CO2) production) -high activity greater CO2 production (more drops needed to change it back)-blowing into the straws into the bromothymol blue changing color from a blue color to a green or even a yellowish color. Remember Seeds (PLANTS) do cellular respiration as well as photosynthesis Liquid lunch (who stole the ipod or microscope) Biuret's turn from blue to violet in the presence of protein Benedict’s turns from a blue anywhere to olive green or orange to brick red in the presence of simple sugar Iodine turns from a amber to blue black in the presence of starch Brown paper bag has a translucent spot in the presence of lipids (fats) Energy in food (burned walnuts, almonds, and marshmallows lipids contain the most calories per gram at 9cal/gram – twice as much as the other macromolecules Microscope /cells types labs onion root tip cells are plant cells stained with iodine cheek cells are animal cells stained with methylene blue can see cell wall and chloroplasts, and nucleus in plants can see plasma membrane and nucleus in animals Strawberry DNA lab can extract DNA from any living cells – snot on a stick shampoo removes oil from our hair by breaking the plasma (cellular) membrane-remember the plasma membrane is made up mostly of a phospholipid bi-layer thus the shampoo breaks down the lipids in the cell membrane allowing us to get to the nucleus The salt brought out the DNA (precipitate out) Who gives a hoot there are limiting factors in populations – natural resources like food, water, space to live dynamics of group (number and type) of families or groups of organisms affect population numbers pesticides that human use affect other organisms and thus affect populations deforestation is a factor in population of organisms as trees and plants give us oxygen and take CO 2 out of the atmosphere