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UNIT 3: ENERGY

PACKET 3: ENERGY TRANSFER, LATENT HEAT, GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
Stop Monkey-N-ing
around and
Go Green already!
P.S. I’m Mookie the
Monkey
EARTH SCIENCE
MS. GILL
NOTE PACKET #3
NAME:___________________________ CLASS:_______________ DATE:______
Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
Vocabulary:
Absorption
Conduction
Convection
Condensation
Electricity
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Energy
Energy Transformations
Environment
Equilibrium
Forms of Energy
Freezing
Frequency
Gas
Geothermal
Global Warming
Green House Affect
Green House Gases
Heat
Joules
Kinetic
Law of Conservation of Mass & Energy
Light
Liquid
Matter
Mechanical
Medium
Melting
Non-Renewable
Resources
Nuclear
Phase Change
Potential
Radiation
Reflection
Refraction
Renewable Resources
Scattering
Solid
Solar
Sound
Specific Heat
Stored Mechanical
Temperature
Thermal
Transmission
Vaporization
Wavelength
Work
Did you know… A piece of buttered toast contains
about 315 kilojoules (315,000 joules) of energy.
With that energy you could:
-jog for 6 minutes
-Bicycle for 10 minutes
-Walk briskly for 15 minutes
-Sleep for 1.5 hours
-Run a car for 7 seconds at 50 miles per hour
-Light a 60 watt light bulb for 1.5 hours.
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
A. WHAT IS ENERGY?
Energy is the ability to do ________________
Work occurs when a _____________ causes an object to ___________ in the same direction
as the force.
B. THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT
FORMS
OF ENERGY
THERMAL: The total ________ energy of
the particles in matter. (Molecular motion)
STORED MECHANICAL ENERGY:
Stored energy due to a
change in the shape of
an object.
Ex: _______________
SOUND: A type of mechanical energy. It is
the energy produced when objects
________. Ex: tuning fork, bell
LIGHT: A form of _______
energy that moves in a
__________
Ex: lamp, stars
MECHNICAL: Energy
with which ______
objects perform work.
Ex: Wind, flowing water,
using a hammer
SOLAR: All forms of
energy that come
from the ______
ELECTRICITY: A form
of energy produced by
the _____________
of ______________
NUCLEAR: Energy STORED
in the ________ (center)
of an atom.
Ex: nuclear bombs
CHEMICAL: Energy STORED
in chemical ____ that can be
released. Ex: food, fossil fuels,
battery acid
GEOTHERMAL: Heat energy STORED
within the ___________.
Ex: Volcanic eruptions,
geysers
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
C. All forms of energy can be classified as Kinetic or potential.
The two basic states of energy. So, what’s the difference?
POTENTIAL ENERGY:
1) Potential energy is stored energy due to
and object’s __________________
2) An object that is lifted from its position
on Earth has gravitational potential Energy
which depends on ______________ and
mass
3) Massive objects have
_________________ potential energy than
less massive objects
KINETIC ENERGY:
1)Kinetic is energy of _________________
2) Kinetic depends on the
__________________ and the
_____________________ of an object.
3) Faster objects have
____________________ kinetic energy than
slower objects.
4) An object at a higher elevation will have
_______________ potential energy than an
object at a lower elevation
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
D. Energy Transformations:
The law of conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed it simply
changes form. Energy has always existed in one form or another! This law is also true of mass!
Law of conservation of Mass and Energy:
Mass/ NRG ____________
Mass/ NRG ______________
Mass/ Energy can only __________
During energy changes, if one body is losing
energy, the other is __________________
energy.
During energy changes, the total energy
__________________________________.
Energy always flows from _______________ to
_______________ (source to sink)
Figure 1:
Energy is flowing
from _________
to ____________
Figure 2:
Energy is flowing
from _________
to ____________
The exchange of energy will stop when EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED, and both source and sink
are the same temperature.
Unusable Energy: very often during the energy transformation process, some __________ energy is
produced due to friction. This is wasted energy and is lost to the environment.
Examples of Energy Changes:
-Energy in a flashlight’s batteries becomes light
energy when the flashlight is turned on.
-Food is stored energy, when your body uses that
energy to do work it becomes kinetic energy.
- A television changes electrical energy into light
and sound energy
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
E. Methods Of Energy transfer
Energy moves from regions of _________ concentration to ________ concentrations of
energy, from ______________ to ____________.
There are 3 methods of Energy Transfer : ____________________,
____________________ & _____________________.
Method
of transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Explanation of transfer
Best medium for
energy transfer
Examples
Direct contact (touch)
Molecule To Molecule
Conduction occurs
fastest in _______
Conduction is a form of energy
transfer by direct _________
of molecules
__________ are the
best conductors of he
heat energy.
*Touching a hot
surface
*Electricity
Energy transfer due to density
differences
Occurs ONLY in
_____ which are
liquids and gases!
Convection is a form of heat
transfer that occurs by up and
down motions of a _______
differences in ______
Radiation is the transfer of
heat in _____.
Electromagnetic (EM)
waves that move through a
vacuum (empty space)
Electromagnetic radiation
travels at the speed of ______.
No medium needed
*Hot air or water
rising
*Volcanoes
*Lava lamp
*Gamma
*X-rays
*UV
*Visible
*Infrared
*Microwave
*Radio
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
Energy Transfer Practice Questions
Directions: Identify the following as conduction, convection or radiation.
1. __________________: Heated air rises through earth’s atmosphere.
2. __________________: An ice cube melts when dropped into a glass of warm water.
3. __________________: Light leaves the sun and 8 minutes later strikes earth.
4. __________________: You burn your tongue eating hot pizza.
5. __________________: Hot magma rises inside earth’s mantle, cool, and sinks.
6. __________________: A microwave oven heats soup.
7. __________________: A fireplace warming a room.
The diagram below represents temperatures in degrees Celsius for a particular room:
28
A
26
24
23
26
26
24
23
24
B
22
26
25
8. Draw an arrow to show the direction of air movement between A and B.
9. Like energy will totally move from areas of
______________ to _______________.
10. The diagrams below represent beakers being heated by a Bunsen burner. Draw in arrows to show how
convection will move in each beaker.
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
F. Specific Heat Notes
1. HEAT: the energy of moving __________
2. HOT OBJECTS contain __________ heat than cold ones
3. All objects above __________ contain heat
4. Heat always flows from hot objects to cold objects until the both reach the _____ temperature.
5. The greater the difference in temperature between them, the _________ heat is transferred.
HOW IS HEAT TRANSFERRED BETWEEN OBJECTS? Name that type of heat transfer!
Figure 1:
________________
Figure 2:
________________
Figure 3:
_______________
Specific Heat
Quantity of heat needed to
raise One gram of any
Substance by 1 degree Celsius
The higher the Specific heat…
the more energy is needed to
raise the temperature.
See the cover of the ESRT.    
Measuring Energy: Energy can be measures in many different ways. Typical units include:
________________________, _________________, & ___________________
The term “Joule” is named after
English Scientist James Prescott Joule
who lived from 1818 to 1889. He
discovered that Heat is a type of
Energy! 1,000 joules =1 kilojoule= 1 Btu
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
Specific Heat Worksheet
Did you know… Jumping into a pool on a hot summer day is refreshing because the water is cooler
than the air around you and the ground under your feet. You may wonder why the water is cooler
since the water, air, and ground are being heated by the same source- the Sun. One reason is that
it takes more heat energy to raise the temperature of some substances than others. The amount
of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius is called
the specific heat of that substance. Water has a specific heat of 4.18 meaning it take 4.18 Joules
of energy to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. This value is high compared to the specific
heats for other materials, such as various rocks or metals. Note the scientific unit for energy is
the Joule. See the front of your ESRT for a complete list of specific heats for common materials.
Now complete these practice questions!
1. What substance has the highest specific heat? ____________________________
2. Why do metals have low specific heats? __________________________
3. Why are pans made of metals with low specific heats? _____________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. Which takes more energy to raise its temperature, water or land? ___________________
5. Which would heat up and cool off faster, land or water? __________________________
6. Which of these substances would heat up fastest, water, iron or copper: ____________
7. Which material would require the greatest amount of heat energy to raise its temperature
from 50 °C to 100 °C ?
A. 10 grams of granite
C. 10 grams of lead
B. 10 grams of ice
D. 10 grams of iron
8. Which pan would you use if you wanted to cook your food quickly? Copper pan or Iron pan?
9. Which material would require the greatest amount of heat energy to raise its temperature
from 50 C to 100 C?
A. granite B. ice
C. lead
D. iron
10. Calculate how many joules would be required to raise 3 grams of water from 50 °C to 65 °C.
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
G. Phases of Matter:
Matter is ___________________________________________________________
On Earth, matter exists in three states _________, ____________& ____________
Particle
Arrangement
Solid
Motion
(Kinetic Energy)
How is it
bonded?
Does it have a
define shape?
Volume?
Liquid
Gas
Phase Changes: Changes in states of matter result from changes in energy, specifically “heat
energy.” Consider the weightlifter, to push up the weights & lift them up requires energy… So
to push molecules apart also requires energy. Look at the molecules in the boxes above and
then complete the statements below. If you have to separate molecules write “put in energy,”
if molecules are coming together then write “give off energy.”
1. As you go from solid to liquid, you must ____________________________________.
2. As you go from liquid to solid, you must ____________________________________.
3. As you go from liquid to gas, you must _____________________________________.
4. As you go from gas to liquid, you must _____________________________________.
What are the phase changes called?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
H. Phase Change Diagram of Water
-Remember, as you change states of
matter, its all about energy!
-The law of conservation of Energy
states that energy is neither created
of destroyed it simply changes form.
-Therefore, going form solid to liquid
you put energy in (ENERGY IS
ABSORBED) and then when you
reverse the process and go from
liquid back to solid, you get the
energy back! (ENERGY IS RELEASED)
The energy stored in the phase
change process is called:
________________________
There is NO temperature change
during a phase change.
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
I. Electromagnetic Energy Notes
The Earth is always trying to achieve ____________________________. Therefore, energy is
constantly being re-distributed flowing from ________________ to ______________.
The Earth receives energy from two sources: ________________ & ___________________
All matter radiates some
__________________________________________________
The sun emits energy in ______ wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. (ESRT pg. 14)
The electromagnetic spectrum places different types of electromagnetic energy in
order of increasing wavelength. From the shortest wavelength Gamma Rays to the
longest wavelength Radio Waves. Visible Light is also on the spectrum in the middle.
Electromagnetic energy with wavelengths longer than visible light is known as long
wave electromagnetic energy. Electromagnetic energy with wavelengths shorter than
visible light is known was short wave electromagnetic energy. The shorter
wavelength electromagnetic energy has more energy than the long wavelength
electromagnetic energy.
Relationships
 The longer the wavelength the lower the frequency and the lower the energy
 The shorter the wavelength the higher the frequency and the higher the energy
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
Electromagnetic Spectrum Practice Questions
1. Explain the diagram above in no more than 3 sentences: ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Which types of electromagnetic energy have the greatest and least amount of energy? (Highest
temperatures vs. lowest temperatures)
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. How are the different types of electromagnetic energy distinguished from one another?
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. What types of electromagnetic energy are between Microwaves and X-Rays?
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Explain how Gamma Rays and X-Rays are different and similar?
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. Why do you think you wear a lead shield when you have an X-Ray?
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. Based on the electromagnetic spectrum why do you think UV rays are dangerous to human health?
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
Waves:
Waves are disturbances that transfer energy from place to place. If you throw a stone into a pond,
circular waves move along the surface since some of the stones kinetic energy was transferred.
The substance through which waves travel is called a medium. This can be solid, liquid or gas.
Light does not need a medium it can travel through empty space called a vacuum. Waves are all around
us: sound waves, light waves, ocean waves, and even people waves at a Yankee’s Game. We are studying
waves now because the Sun’s energy is in the form of electromagnetic energy which is radiated/
transferred in the form of transverse waves to Earth. Any object with a temperature above absolute
zero (-2730C) radiates electromagnetic energy with waves (the shorter the wavelength the higher the
energy).
The parts of a Wave
Crest: high point of a wave
Trough: low point of a wave
Amplitude: height of a wave (the distance a particle moves from rest)
Frequency: number of complete waves passing a point in a given time
Hertz: unit used to measure frequency of a wave (waves per second)
Wavelength: distance between two neighboring crests or troughs
There are two types of waves: Transverse and Compressional.
Compressional: ex. Sound waves
Transverse: ex. Light waves
Each type of energy differs in its _________________________. A wavelength is the
distance between two crests of the wave.
Frequency is defined as a number of cycles per unit time.
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
Electromagnetic Spectrum Notes
The Sun gives off light and heat in the form of
_________________ and __________________
electromagnetic energy. This is called INSOLATION.
However, the short wavelengths (dangerous UV
radiation, gamma rays & x-rays) are mostly absorbed
by the ozone so they don’t reach earth’s surface. The
ozone layer is found in the ____________________
layer of the atmosphere. Visible light passes through
earth’s atmosphere with the greatest intensity. Less
than half of the incoming solar radiation is received by
the earth’s surface. The energy that does get through
our atmosphere is absorbed by earths surface. The
earth’s surface in turn reradiates the energy in the
form of heat called ________________ radiation.
Sun
Earth
J. Interactions between Electromagnetic Energy & the Environment: How do waves behave when
they come in contact with different materials?
1. _______________________: or taken ito the material.
UV is absorbed by the ozone, infrared is absorbed by carbon dioxide,
water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide. Good absorbers are good reradiators!
2. _______________________ or bounced of the material. Waves
are reflected by clouds, ice, snow and water
3. ____________________ to be refracted or reflected in many
directions by aerosols, water droplets, ice crystals, pollutants, dust,
pollen
4. _______________________ or bent changing the directin of the
wave, often light is bent as it moves through varied densities
5. _______________________ when energy passes straight through
a medium (materal)
Less than __________________ of the incoming solar radiation is
received by the Earth because of these processes.
Surface properties of the Earth & Absorption of Energy:
1. Color: Light (white) reflects & dark (black) absorbs
Example: Pavement warms before grassy lawns.
2. Texture: Rough surface absorbs & smooth surface reflects
Example: Snow and Ice reflect Insolation and remain cold.
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
K. The Green House Affect
What is Global Warming? An ___________ in the Earth’s Average surface air temperature.
You might often hear about the green house affect and its association with Global Warming. In the
atmosphere, CO2, Methane and H2O, (the greenhouse gases) act like the glass in the greenhouse by
trapping heat. These gases very similar manner as the glass sides and roof of a greenhouse keep in
heat. Let’s see how this works…
Short wave radiation like ___________ passes
through the glass of a greenhouse and is
_______________ by the objects inside the
greenhouse.
These objects __________________ the energy
as ____________________, which get reflected
back into the greenhouse and warms the air.
In Earth’s atmosphere, there are many gases that
act like the glass of a greenhouse and ________
long-wave radiation, keeping it in the Earth’s
Atmosphere. Therefore, holding that heat in the
atmosphere and raising the global temperature.
These are known as ______________________.
They include water vapor, CFCs, Ozone, Methane
Gas and Carbon dioxide.
Earth
Without some greenhouse gases, the Earth would be too _____________ for us to survive. But an
overload of greenhouse gases creates a problem as well!
How does too much CO2 contribute to Global warming? _______________________________
What human activities contribute to CO2 production and an increase in the greenhouse effect?
_________________________________________________________________________
If present trends continue possible effects may include:
-Rising sea levels due to melting polar ice caps;
-Increasing frequency and severity of storms and hurricanes;
-More frequent heat waves and droughts; and
-Relocation of major crop growing areas.
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
L. Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources.
What is an Non-Renewable Resource? An
energy resource that is
__________________________________
_________________________________
What is a Renewable Resource? An energy
resource that is
_________________________________
_________________________
Examples:
__________________
__________________
__________________
Examples:
__________________
__________________
________________
________________
_______________
________________
To make our non-renewable resources last
longer we can
__________________
__________________
__________________
A renewable resource produces less
_________ (substance that can harm living
things and/or the environment
Only 7% of our energy consumption is
from renewable resources!!! Try to make
little changes in your life to reduce your
dependence on Non-Renewable Resources!
What do you plan to do?
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
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Unit 3: Energy
Earth Science-Ms. Gill
Note Packet #3
Review Sheet: Energy and Heat Transfer
The following is of list of must know facts about Energy & Heat Transfer. Look them over and then try the five multiple
choice questions. Tonight make index cards for each numbered concept. The slash separates what goes on the front and
back of the card.
1-Dark & rough / absorbs light Good absorbers are good re-radiators!
2-Light & smooth / reflects light
3- Three types of Heat Transfer/ Convection, Conduction, Radiation
4-The earth absorbs mostly / short wavelength visible light energy
5- The earth reradiates mostly / long wavelength heat energy (also called infrared radiation)
6-Gases such as carbon dioxide / prevent the escape of heat causing the greenhouse effect (global warming)
7-The air is heated by/ the re-radiation of infrared heat from earth’s surface
8-Conduction/Heat transfer due to direct contact (molecule to molecule), items must be touching. Example:
contact metamorphism. Conduction is fastest in metals because molecules are close (dense).
9-Convection/ Heat transfer due to density differences that occur because of unequal heating of a fluid.
Found in the mantle and our atmosphere and hydrosphere (oceans).
10- Radiation/ Energy transfer in a wave. All electromagnetic energy is transfer in waves. Can go through
empty space. Example: Sunlight, infrared, star light.
11-Specific Heat/ the amount of energy in joules required to raise the temperature of ONE gram of a substance 1° Celsius.
12- High Specific Heat value/takes longer to heat up and cool down. Example: Liquid Water
13. Latent Heat/ Heat required to be stored or emitted during a phase change.
14. Temperature/ measure of kinetic energy of the particles in matter (faster = hotter)
15. Phase change/ Temperature stays the same during a phase change. Draw this diagram:
Practice Questions:
1. Under identical conditions, which surface will reflect the greatest amount of insolation?
1) a basaltic sand beach
2) a pine tree forest
3) a glacial ice sheet
4) a blacktop parking lot
2. Equal volumes of the four samples shown below were placed outside and heated by energy from the Sun’s rays for 30
minutes. The surface temperature of which sample increased at the slowest rate?
1) water
2) copper pennies
3) basaltic sand
4) iron fragments
3) Calculate the amount
of energy needed to
change 230 grams of
liquid water at 100 °C to
water vapor at 100° C.
4) Calculate the amount of
energy required to heat 67
grams of copper at 32 °C to
water vapor at 54° C.
5) Draw in the waves to represent visible light (
and infrared radiation (
) on the green
house diagram below:
)
6. Name five greenhouse house gases: __________________,_____________________,________________________,
__________________ & _____________________
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