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Chapter 12 Review: Heart
Know the following:
 Describe the location and general features of the heart.
 Identify the layers of the heart wall.
 Trace the flow of blood through the heart, identifying the major blood vessels, chambers,
and heart valves.
 Describe the differences in the action potentials and twitch contractions of skeletal
muscle fibers and cardiac muscle cells.
 Describe the components and functions of the conducting system of the heart.
 Explain the events of the cardiac cycle and relate the heart sounds to specific events in
this cycle.
 Define stroke volume and cardiac output, and describe the factors that influence these
values.
Answer the following:
1. If the heart beat rate (HR) is 80 bpm and the stroke volume (SV) is 75 ml, what is the
cardiac output (CO) (l/min)?
2. If normal cardiac output is 5.0 l/min and the maximum CO is 10.0 l/min, what is the
percent increase in CO above resting?
3. If the heart rate increases to 250 bpm, what conditions would occur relative to the
following factors? (Use arrows to indicate an increase or decrease.)
 _____ CO, _____SV, _____ length of diastole, _____ventricular filling
4. If the cardiac output (CO) is 5 l/min and the heart rate (HR) is 100 bpm, what is the
stroke volume (SV)?
5. What is the difference between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium?
6. What is the purpose of chordae tendinae and papillary muscles? Where are they
located?
7. What three distinct layers comprise the tissues of the heart wall?
8. What are the seven important functions of fibrous skeleton of the heart?
9. Because of specialized sites known as intercalated discs, cardiac muscle is a functional
syncytium. What does this statement mean?
10. Beginning with the SA node, trace the pathway of an action potential through the
conducting network of the heart. (Use arrows to indicate direction.)
11. What three important factors have a direct effect on the heart rate and the force of
contraction?