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So what do they do? Italy invades Ethiopia in 1935. Ethiopia had defeated the Italians in 1896 at the Battle of Adowa. They’re BITTER!! Under the leadership of Hitler, Germany begins to re-arm against the Versailles Treaty. They mobilize and move into the Rhineland in 1936—a no military zone. Then, Hitler begins to move all over Europe Japan invaded and took over Manchuria in 1931. Then, in order to gain more resources and exert control, Japan started taking over the entire coast of China in 1937. Francisco Franco •Hitler and Mussolini send aid to Franco •Stalin sends a little aid •US, France, Britain remain neutral The Spanish Civil War-1936 1 MILLION deaths Testing grounds for Nazi firepower Franco triumphs = another dictator in Europe Hitler and Mussolini grow even MORE confident In 1938, Hitler’s plan began… 1. Germany annexed Austria 2. Then he took over parts of Czechoslovakia, the Sudetenland (area of Czechoslovakia containing 3 million Germans). He promised not to continue… Is Anyone Going to Do Something? Munich Conference Neville Chamberlain Allows Hitler to annex the Sudetenland Hitler promises to end his aggression on Europe “Peace for our time. ”: says that the conference saved Czechoslovakia from destruction and Europe from Armageddon Now Germany looked like this. What did Hitler have in mind for his next move? …Hitler and Stalin make a secret peace treaty… POLAND Germany would invade Poland…Hitler and Stalin would then split it in half. Hitler did this so he did not have to fight a 2 front war! Hitler and Stalin STATISTICS… GERMANY • 1 million men, 52 divisions • 1500 tanks • 850 bombers, 400 fighters POLAND • 600,000 men, some still on horse • 310 tanks • 400 planes, only 36 considered modern German Plan of Attack? Blitzkrieg = Lightning War!!! POLAND Blitzkrieg Begins • Within two days, the Luftwaffe (German air force) has destroyed the Polish air force…with most of the Polish planes never getting off the ground • Now the Germany army and air force have no threat of being attacked in the air • Stuka’s mercilessly attack Polish troops Poor, poor Poland • The Soviet Union and Germans divide Poland on September 28th, 1939. • Some soldiers continue to resist, but Poland is officially finished. • 90,000 Polish troops escape into Hungary and Romania; some will fight for Britain and France later in the war. Now, Hitler could focus all of his army in ONE direction! In April of 1940, Hitler takes over Norway and Denmark What was next? He then attacks Belgium and the Netherlands. They also fall quickly Key People General Country Key Facts & Battles Dwight Eisenhower US D-Day/Invasion of Normandy/Operation Overlord George Patton US Battle of the Bulge Chester Nimitz US Battle of Midway Douglas MacArthur US The Philippines (Bataan & Leyte Gulf) – “I shall return” Erwin Rommel Bernard Montgomery Isoroku Yamamoto Germany North Africa, El Alamein Great Britain North Africa, El Alamein Japan Top Japanese naval commander Miracle at Dunkirk • • • • May 27 – June 4, 1940 French, British, & Belgian troops are trapped by the Germans at the port of Dunkirk in northern France Churchill sends all available ships to rescue the troops Miraculous rescue of approx. 400,000 Allied troops Battle of Britain July 10 – Oct. 31, 1940 Germany bombs Britain for 57 days in a row! Fearing Britain may withdraw from the war, Roosevelt begins the LendLease Program after this battle Britain wins due to the superiority of the Royal Air Force (RAF) and their use of new technology like radar Called Operation Sea Lion! Pearl Harbor • • • December 7, 1941 Japanese air force launches a surprise attack against US naval base in Hawaii Almost 2,500 Americans were killed & a large portion of our naval resources were destroyed – Most casualties came from the USS Arizona • Pushes US to enter WWII on the side of the Allies • FDR: “A date which will live in infamy” Battle of Bataan • • • Jan. 7 – Apr. 9, 1942 Japanese land in the Philippines at Manila US forced to retreat – • MacArthur: “I shall return” Bataan Death March: 60,000-80,000 US & Filipino POW’s march 65 miles – – – Suffer from physical abuse, starvation, & disease Estimated that 2,500 – 10,000 Filipino & 100-650 American POW’s were killed Considered to be a Japanese war crime Doolittle Raids • April 18, 1942 • First successful attack on Japanese home islands • Focused on large cities like Tokyo • No major damage done to Japanese targets • Increased US morale Battle of the Coral Sea • May 4 – 8, 1942 • US & Australian victory prevents Japan from invading Australia • Leads to the Battle of Midway Battle of Midway • • June 3-7 1942 US learns of surprise attack planned by the Japanese – • • US turns surprise around on the Japanese Turning Point of the Pacific – – – • United States have broken the Japanese code Japan loses 4 fleet carriers US moves in the offensive position Hawaii is saved Begins the strategy of island hopping Battle of Guadalcanal • August 1942February 1943 • First major offensive by the Allied powers • US takes over an air base- strategically very important • Important island for communication with Australia Battle of Stalingrad • Aug 1942-February 1943 • Germany on the move to take the important city of Stalingrad – Supply lines – Access to oil fields • Winter approaches; Germans not equipped • Bloodiest battle in all of WWII • Turning Point in Europe – Hitler always on the defense Battle of El Alamein • October 23rd – November 5th, 1942 • Fought in North Africa • Led to the retreat of Axis powers • Turning point in Africa – Set up for the invasion of Italy – Once Italy is invaded, they withdraw from the war and Mussolini is killed Normandy Invasion • June 6th, 1944 – “Operation Overlord” • 5 Beaches invaded by allied powers – Three-pronged attack: Sea, air, paratroopers • Heavy losses for allies • France is reclaimed • Largest invasion before or since • “Bedford Boys” Battle of the Bulge • Dec 1944 -Jan 1945 • Germany’s Last offensive • Patton’s 3rd Army – Saves the day Battle of Leyte Gulf • Oct 23-26, 1944 • Largest naval battle ever fought • Destroyed Japan’s fleet preventing their ability to move resources • America regains the Philippines Battle of Iwo Jima • Feb 19 – March 26, 1945 • Change in military tactics for the Japanese – Kamikaze pilots, caves, tunnels • 750 miles from mainland Japan Battle of Okinawa • April – June 1945 • Largest amphibious landing in Pacific • 350 miles from Japan: US can now bomb mainland Japan Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Potsdam Ultimatum: surrender or face ultimate destruction – – – • Atomic Bomb Manhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer Hiroshima: August 6, 1945 – Enola Gay drops “Little Boy” • Nagasaki: Bockstar drops “Fat Man” • • V-E Day: May 8th, 1945 V-J Day: August 15, 1945