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Evolution Diversity of Life Part 2 1 Charles Darwin the Naturalist 2 Nautilus Ammonite Voyage of the Beagle Charles Darwin Born Feb. 12, 1809 Joined Crew of HMS Beagle, 1831 Naturalist 5 Year Voyage around world Avid Collector of Flora & Fauna Astounded By Variety of Life 4 Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery A reconstruction of the HMS Beagle sailing off Patagonia. 5 Darwin Left England in 1831 Darwin returned 5 years later in 1836 6 HMS Beagle’s Voyage 7 The Galapagos Islands Small Group of Islands 1000 km West of South America Very Different Climates Animals On Islands Unique »Tortoises »Iguanas »Finches 8 The Galapagos Islands Volcanic islands off the coast of South America Island species varied from mainland species & from island-to-island species Each island had long or short neck tortoises 9 10 The Galapagos Islands Finches on the islands resembled a mainland finch More types of finches appeared on the islands where the available food was different (seeds, nuts, berries, insects…) Finches had different types of beaks adapted to their type of food gathering 11 12 Darwin’s Observations & Conclusions The Struggle for Existence 13 Voyage of the Beagle During His Travels, Darwin Made Numerous Observations And Collected Evidence That Led Him To Propose A Revolutionary Hypothesis About The Way Life Changes Over Time 14 Darwin’s Observations Patterns of Diversity were shown Unique Adaptations in organisms Species Not Evenly Distributed » Australia, Kangaroos, but No Rabbits » S. America, Llamas 15 Darwin’s Observations Both Living Organisms & Fossils collected Fossils included: »Trilobites »Giant Ground Sloth of South America This species NO longer existed. What had happened to them? 16 Evidence for Evolution – The Fossil Record 17 Definition Evolution is the slow, gradual change in a population of organisms over time 18 Darwin’s Observations Left unchecked, the number of organisms of each species will increase exponentially, generation to generation In nature, populations tend to remain stable in size Environmental resources are limited 19 Darwin’s Conclusion • Production of more individuals than can be supported by the environment leads to a struggle for existence among individuals • Only a fraction of offspring survive each generation • Survival of the Fittest 20 Darwin’s Observations • Individuals of a population vary extensively in their characteristics with no two individuals being exactly alike. • Much of this variation between individuals is inheritable. 21 Darwin’s Conclusion • Individuals who inherit characteristics most fit for their environment are likely to leave more offspring than less fit individuals • Called Natural Selection 22 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution •The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to a gradual change in a population, with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations (natural selection) 23 •New species evolve copyright cmassengale 24