Download A. Monogastric

Objectives
1. Define the terms to know (handout).
2. Describe the digestion process in livestock.
3. Identify the parts involved in the digestion
process.
4. Discuss & describe the 3 types of digestive
systems.
Objectives
5. Explain the process of metabolism.
6. List the 6 main nutrient groups.
7. List quantities in which feeds may be
purchased.
8. List factors to consider when purchasing feeds.
9. List commercial feed tag requirements.
10. Balance feed rations using the Pearson
Square Method.
2. Digestion
 Breaking
down and releasing of
nutrients in feeds, so they may be
absorbed into the bloodstream.
2. Digestive Process
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Starts at the mouth and ends at the anus.
Chemically- saliva, stomach juices
Physically- teeth, stomach acids
Mouth->esophagus->stomach
->small intestine->large intestine
->anus
3. Stomach
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Place of most chemical breakdown
Extremely acidic—pH of 2 (Hydrocholoric
acid)
Acid kills bad bacteria that is ingested with
feedstuffs
3. Small Intestine
Receives partially digested feedstuffs
 Three Parts: duodenum, ileum, and jejunum
 Absorption of nutrients occurs here by
means of osmosis
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3. Large Intestine
 Undigested
material is prepared for
excretion
 Site of water absorption
4. Digestive Systems
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There are 3 digestive structures in
livestock:
A. Monogastric: humans, dogs, cats, pigs
B. Polygastric (Ruminants): cows,
sheep, goats, llamas
C. Pseudoruminants: horses
4. Monogastric
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Simple, one compartment stomach
stomach= storage
Small intestine = digestion
Small stomachs need several small meals
Diet is high in concentrates and proteins
4. Monogastric
Very little fiber in their diet (Can’t digest)
Exceptions are equine and rabbits—They
can digest forages because of their cecum.
 Equine animals are about 60% as efficient
as ruminants at digesting forages.
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4. Poultry
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Monogastric with physical differences
No teeth
Proventriculus adds acid to feeds before
being grinded by the gizzard.
Consume rocks and grit to help grind up
their feed
Small amounts at a time
4. Polygastric (Ruminants)
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Four compartment stomach – rumen, reticulum,
omasum & abomasum.
Much larger than monogastric’s
Spend an average of 8 hours a day ruminating
They eat large amounts at one time
Bring their food back to the mouth (regurgitate)
and chew it again - then digest
That bolus of feed that is regurgitated is known as
the cud.
4. Omasum
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3rd compartment of the
ruminant stomach
Helps absorb water
and fatty acids
Abomasum
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Most similar to
monogastric stomach
True stomach
Hydrocholoric acid
secreted to breakdown
food
Food heads to small
intestine from here
5. Metabolism
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Metabolism is the sum of all the processes &
changes that take place in food nutrients after
they have been absorbed from the digestive tract.
This process takes place in every cell of the body.
3 part process
1. Anabolism- growth and repair of cells
2. Catabolism- breakdown of tissues
3. Oxidation of nutrients- necessary to release
energy when needed by animals. Important in
stressful times.
6. Nutrient Needs
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Purposes-maintenance, growth,
production, reproduction, and finish
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Classes- carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
vitamins, minerals, and water
6. Carbohydrates
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Organic substances
Composed of: C, H, O
Primary source of energy
3 Classes: mono-, di-, and poly- saccharides
Must be fed daily; are not stored
Excess sugars are stored as fat
6. Fats
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Energy source
Composed of: C, H, O
2.25X more energy than carbs
Not as easily digested as carbs
6. Proteins
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Build and repair tissue
Must for growth and reproduction
Composed of: C, H, O, N
10 essential amino acids that are required
for synthesis of the other 13 amino acids
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Examples: Agrinine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,
methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
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Most common deficiency and has the
largest impact on animals
6. Vitamins
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Organic compounds
Groups: Fat Soluble- A, D, E, and K
Water Soluble- C and B-complex
Water soluble are not stored in the body
Green plants = great sources of vitamins
6. Minerals
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Inorganic elements
Provided via supplements
Macro- need in larger amounts
Micro- need in small amounts; trace
minerals
Very Important: calcium, iron, sodium, and
potassium
6. Water
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MOST IMPORTANT NUTRIENT
40-80% of animal bodies are water
Controls: temperature regulation, can’t
digest other nutrients without, need for
chemical processes
Animals can survive 2X as long without
food than water!!
7. Quantities of Feed Purchases
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Bulk: measured by the ton & is bagged for
the purchaser to haul or to be delivered to
the purchaser and augered into a storage
facility.
50 lbs. Paper Sacks (Bags): priced per
hunderdweight and is usually discounted
on large quanitities purchased.
8. Factors to Consider Before
Purchasing Feed
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Type of livestock being fed.
Protein Level: usually the most important factor
in purchasing feed.
Performance expected from livestock:
maintenance, growth, fattening, production,
reproduction, work.
Quantity
Condition & size of the storage facility.
Price in relation to feeding value.
9. Balancing Feed Rations
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See additional powerpoint presentation or
handouts.