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Asia: China, Japan, and Vietnam 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. Originally created by Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Reunification For over 400 years when China was divided into three separate states, the Wei in the north, Wu in the south, and Shu in the west, the ideal of Chinese unification was not. Chinese language, ideology, culture, and administration had remained virtually intact. Unification was achieved under the Sui Dynasty who provided the restoration of military power, economic productivity, and administrative integrity but massive public works led to the disintegration of the Sui in a very short time. The Rise of the Tang The leading general of the Sui seized control of the state and under the imperial name Gaozu established the new Tang Dynsasty in 618 C.E. Like we have seen before, when the Sui fell after over-extending itself militarily and economically, the Tang continued and even expanded the empire. The state was now beyond China-proper and to outer China, Mongolia, Central Asia, Pakistan, and Iran. China also expanded into northern Vietnam, Korea, and culturally into Japan. Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E. Imperial examination system perfected. Liberal attitude towards all religions. Spread of Buddhism into China with Tibet now the center of Buddhism. Why? Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries. Japan, Korea, Persia Tang Government Organization Tang Dynasty, 618-907 New technologies: Printing moveable print Porcelain Gunpowder Mechanical clocks More cosmopolitan culture. Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road. Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia. Empress Wu Zetian, 624-705 The only female Empress in China’s history who ruled alone. Searched for outstanding individuals to attract to her court. Construction of new irrigation systems. Buddhism was the favored state religion. Financed the building of many Buddhist temples. BUT… She appointed cruel and sadistic ministers to seek out her enemies. Tang Culture Buddhist religious art World’s first pharmacopoeia Poetry with ties to Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism Silk Road Foot-Binding in Tang China Broken toes by 3 years of age. Size 5 ½ shoe on the right Foot-Binding Mothers bound their daughters’ feet. Foot-Binding For upper-class girls, it became a new custom. The Results Tang Legacies The three centuries of Sui and Tang rule consolidated the theory and practice of Chinese imperial rule even to the present. With only a few brief times in history, China has been united for a continuous period of more than fourteen centuries. Chinese assimilation of “barbarian” tribes would define the current confines of Chinese culture and in time these barbarian tribes would rise up. One such tribe were the Turkish Uighurs who led their army in defense of the Tang and eventually helped to led to its subsequent downfall. Song Dynasty 960-1279 Following the Tang collapse, warlords ruled China until the Song Dynasty reimposed centralized imperial rule. However, the Song never built a powerful state because they never military leaders and placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and the arts. Civil servants would go onto to control all aspects of Chinese society including the military and large sums and salaries were levied to encourage others to adapt. Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E. Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class. Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books. Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power! Song Peasant Family Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song fm. SE Asia Song Rice Cultivation Song Decline The Song approach to a more centralized imperial government led to its eventual split and fall: Financial and Military During the first half of the Song Dynasty, the Khitan of Manchuria demanded and received large tribute payments of silk and silver. The Song Dynasty in time with the incursion from the north would move its empire to Hangzhou and survived only in southern China. The Southern Song would remain until 1279 when the Mongol forces ended the dynasty and incorporated southern China into their empire. Chinese Dynasties Shang 1600-1100 BCE Zhou 1100-256 Qin 221-206 Han 202 BCE - 220 CE Three Kingdoms 22065 Shu, Wei, and Wu Northern and Southern Dynasties 265-598 Sui 581-618 Tang 618-907 Song 960-1279 Yuan 1279-1368 Ming 1368-1644 Manchu (Qing) 16441912 Early Japanese Society Japan Early Japanese Society The first signs of civilization and stable living patterns appeared in the Mesolithic Era. Japan is a series of thousands of islands and it is believed trade and contact with areas as far as Okinawa was common. During the Han and Wei Dynsasties, Chinese travelers to what is now Kyushu which is south of main island Honshu,met descendents of the Taibo or Wu. Yamato polity was the main ruling power in Japan from the middle of the 3rd century until 710. Yamato Period The Yamato Period is divided into two periods: The Kofun Period (mid 3rd c-mid 6th c) defined by a tumulus-building culture and the Asuka Period (mid 6th c-710) defined as a time in which the capital was in Asuka, near presentday Nara. During the 5th and 6th Centuries, there was much contact between the Baekje Kingdom of Korea and the Yamato State. This contact brought Buddhism to Japan and military support to the Baekje. Yamato Period: 300-710 Began promoting the adoption of Chinese culture: a a a a a Confucianism. Language (kanji characters). Buddhist sects. Chinese art & architecture. Government structure. “Great Kings” era Zen Buddhism a A Japanese variation of the Mahayana form of Buddhism, which came from India through China and Korea. a It reinforced the Bushido values of mental and self-discipline. Yamato Period Tang Dynasty Chinese influences during the Nara period were centralized imperial government, aesthetics, and religion instead of military advances during the Kofun-Asuka Eras. The Kofun Period (mound people) saw the establishment of strong military states centered around powerful clans in the Yamato area. The Yamato Court is the origin of the Japanese imperial lineage. Yamato Period The Asuka period is when the proto- Japanese society clearly developed into a centralized state, codification of laws, and Buddhist. One of the most well known of the Asuka period was Prince Shotoku who devoted his efforts to spread Buddhism and Chinese culture in Japan. Prince Shotoku: 573-621 a Adopted Chinese culture and Confucianism. a Buddhist sects allowed to develop. a Created a new government structure: 17 Article Constitution in 604. Empire of the Sun In a letter brought to the emperor of China by an emissary from Japan stated that the “Emperor of the Land where the Sun rises” sends a letter to the “Emperor where the Sun sets.” Impact? Taika Reform Edicts of 645 intensified Japanese adoption of Chinese cultural practices, government, and administration. This also paved the way for the dominance of Confucian philosophy in Japan that would last until the 19th Century. Nara Period The Nara Period (8th c) marked the emergence of a strong Japanese state. The capital was moved to Heijo-kyo, near present-day Nara. It was modeled after the Chinese capital of the day, Chang’an. (Xi’an) In 784 to limit the powers of the Buddhist clergy, the capital was moved again to Heian-kyo, present-day Kyoto. It was during this time a Japanese version of creation began. These myths centered around the Emperor Jimmu, a direct descendent of the Shinto deity Amaterasu or the Sun Goddess. Imperial Line The myths also claim Jimmu started a line of emperors that remains unbroken to this day. However, there is dispute over the origin of Jimmu. For most of Japan’s history, actual political power has not been in the hands of the emperor,but in the hands of court nobility, the shoguns, the military, and more recently, the prime minister. Heian Period: 794-1156 Characteristics: a Growth of large landed estates. a Arts & literature of China flourished. a Elaborate court life [highly refined] ETIQUETTE. a Final period of classical Japanese history a Great novel e The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu [1000 pgs.+] a Moving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government. Heian Period: Cultural Borrowing 1.Chinese writing. 2.Chinese artistic styles. 3.Buddhism [in the form of ZEN]. 4.BUT, not the Chinese civil service system! Heian Court Dress The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon (diary) Tale of Genji (first novel) Tale of Genji Scroll (first novel) Lady Murasaki Shikibu She contributed much to the Japanese script known as kana, while men wrote with Chinese characters, kanji. Feudal Japan The reigning families of the Shogun Feudal Japan The “feudal” period of Japanese history is characterized by powerful, regional aristocratic families (daimyo) and the military rule of warlords (shogun). The three most important clans were the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan, and the Fujiwara clan. Kamakura Period 1185-1333 The Kamakura Period marks the governance of the Kamakura Shogunate and the transition to the Japanese “medieval” era, a roughly 700year period in which the Emperor,the court, and the traditional central government were left intact. Civil, military, and judicial matters were controlled by the bushii (samarai) class, the most powerful of which was the shogun. The first appointed Shogun by the emperor was Minamoto no Yoritomo. Minamoto Yoritomo Founded the Kamakura Shogunate: 1185-1333 Kamakura Period After Yoritomo’s death, another warrior clan,the Hojo came to rule as regents for the shoguns. Mongol invasions of Japan between 1272 and 1281 (Kamikaze) or divine wind Although the invasion attempt was unsuccessful, it lead to the fall of the Kamakura with the extinction of the shogunate. The Kamakura Period is known as Japan’s “Middle Ages” which includes the Muromachi Period and lasted until the Meijii Restoration. Mongol “Invasions” of Japan 4,400 ships and 140,000 men, but kamikaze winds stopped them. The emperor reigned, but did not always rule! Feudal Society Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Japan: Shogun Land - Shoen Land - Shoen Protection Samurai Peasant Daimyo Loyalty Daimyo Samurai Peasant Loyalty Samurai Peasant Food Peasant Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service Code of Bushido * Fidelity * Politeness * Virility * Simplicity Seppuku: Ritual Suicide It is honorable to die in this way. Kaishaku – his “seconds” Full Samurai Attire Samurai Sword Early Mounted Samurai Warriors Underpinnings: Basic Steps in Self Defense A COTTON BREECH CLOUT that extended up over the chest was the basic undergarment of a samurai’s costume A SHORT SLEEVED KIMONO, or “armor robe,” was tied snugly at the waist with a special knot (lower right) BILLOWING PANTALOONS, worn over the armor robe, fitted loosely in the legs to allow freedom of movement STURDY SHINGUARDS of cloth or leather were reinforced with strips of iron to give protection from the front AN EXQUISITE BROCADE, richly worked with a design of peonies, was one of the extravagant materials used in an armor robe that may have been made for a 14th Century imperial prince Samurai Charging Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Europe: King Land - Fief Land - Fief Protection Knight Peasant Lord Loyalty Lord Knight Peasant Loyalty Knight Peasant Food Peasant Code of Chivalry * Justice * Loyalty * Defense * Courage * Faith * Humility * Nobility Medieval Warriors vs. European knight Samurai Warrior Osaka Castle Medieval Warriors vs. Knight’s Armor Samurai Armor Caernorfon Castle, Wales End of Kamakura Period The Kamakura Period ended in 1333 with the destruction of the shogunate and short reestablishment of imperial rule, the Kemmu restoration, under the Emperor Go-Daigo by Ashikaga Takauji clan. The Muromachi Period (1336-1573) marks the governance of the Ashikaga shogunate, also called the Muromachi shogunate, who seized power from Emperor Go-Daigo ending the Kemmu restoration. Ashikaga Age (Muromachi): 1338-1573 ► Shoguns fought for power. a Laws are unclear. a Less efficient than the Kamakura. aImperial court split in two a Armies of samurai protected the country. The Age of the Warring States: (1467 - 1568) a Castles built on hills in different provinces. a Power shifts from above to below. a Europeans arrive in Japan bringing firearms & Christianity. a Christianity & foreign trade flourish. Japanese Dynasties Yamota Period 250-710 Kofun Period 250-538 Asuka Period 538-710 Nara Period 710-794 Heian Period 794-1185 Kamakura Period 1185-1333 Kemmu Restoration 1333-1336 Muramachi Period 1336-1573 Vietnam From Chinese Domination to Independent Kingdom Geography of Vietnam Situated on in SE Asia on Indochinese Peninsula 2000 miles of coastline Tropical rainforests, mountains, and mighty rivers form life blood of region. Early Societies Evidence of the early established society was found in Co Loa, the ancient city near presentday, Hanoi. According to legend, Qin’s renegade general Zhao Tuo controlled the region and created the empire known as Nam Yue. Many tribes from the north migrated into what is now Vietnam settling along the Red River. Chinese domination is believed to have begun in earnest under the Han with brief periods where local leaders asserted their independence. Period of Chinese Domination History of Vietnam began 2,700 years ago with successive Chinese dynasties ruling Vietnam for most of the period from 111 B.C. until 938 when Vietnam regained its independence. Vietnam remained a tributary state to its larger neighbor but repelled invasions by the Chinese including three invasions by the Mongols between 1254 and 1284. King Tran Nhan Tong later diplomatically submitted Vietnam to a tributary of the Yuan to avoid further conflicts. Vietnam’s independent period would last until the 19th Century. Early Independence 938-1009 As China became fragmented in the 10th Century, successive lords from the Khuc family ruled autonomously under the Tang title Tiet Do Su (Virtuous Lord). In 938,the kingdom of the Southern Han sent troops to conqueror the Tiet Do Su. However, the Han were defeated and King Ngo began the age of independence of Vietnam. Ngô Quyền was declared King and was officially recognized by Imperial China in 939. In the process, Annam (future Vietnam) gained full independence and governmental autonomy ever since (with the exception of a 20-period of military occupation by the Ming Dynasty in the early 1400s. Upheaval of the Twelve Warlords King Ngo Quyen’s reign was short and led to a power struggle for the throne which became the country’s first civil war. The wars of succession lasted from 945 to 967 when the clan led by Dinh Bo Linh defeated the other warlords, unifying the country. Dinh founded the Dinh Dynasty and proclaimed himself the first emperor (Tien Hoang) of Dai Co Viet (Great Viet Land). However the Song Dynasty only recognized him as a prince. The Dinh Dynasty Emperor Dinh introduced strict penal codes to prevent chaos from happening again and formed alliances by granting the title of Queen to five women from the five most influential families. Emperor Dinh and his son were assassinated and in the vacuum the Song attacked but were repelled. A new emperor, Emperor Le Hoan, would come to power and began Vietnam’s southward expansion into the Kingdom of Champa. Independent Period of Dai Viet 1010-1527 In 1009, a palace guard commander named Ly Cong Uan was to take the throne in a series of succession struggles. The Ly Dynasty is regarded as the beginning of the golden era in Vietnamese history. Ly Cong Uan changed the country’s name to Dai Viet or Great Viet. The Ly Dynasty is credited with laying down the foundations for the nation of Vietnam. Ly Cong Uan Moved capital to present- day Hanoi then called Thang Long or Ascending Dragon Strong economy was key to national survival not military prowess Successors would create universities Examination system akin to Chinese New taxation system Humane treatment of prisoners and others Role of Women in Ly Society Women were allowed to hold important roles in Ly Society as tax collectors Buddhism was also promoted Pluralist attitude towards: Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism During the Ly Dynasty, The Song Dynasty officially recognized the Dai Viet monarch as King Ly to the Tran Dynasty In 1225 the Tran family, which had effectively controlled the Vietnamese throne for many years, replaced the Ly Dynasty by arranging a marriage between one of its members and the last Ly monarch, an eightyear-old princess. Under the Tran Dynasty (1225-1400), the country prospered and flourished as the Tran rulers carried out extensive land reform, improved public administration, and encouraged the study of Chinese literature. The Tran, however, are best remembered for their defense of the country against the Mongols and the Champa. By 1225, the Mongols controlled most of northern China and Manchuria and were eyeing southern China, Vietnam, and Champa. Fall of the Tran Dynasty The Trần dynasty was in turn overthrown by one of its own court officials, Hồ Quý Ly. Hồ Quý Ly forced the last Trần king to resign and assumed the throne in 1400. Although widely blamed for causing national disunity and losing the country later to the Chinese Ming Dynasty, Hồ Quý Ly's reign actually introduced a lot of progressive, ambitious reforms, including the addition of mathematics to the national examinations, the open critique of Confucian philosophy, the use of paper currency in place of coins, the investment in building large warships and cannons, and land reform. He ceded the throne to his son, Hồ Hán Thương, in 1401 and assumed the title Thái Thượng Hoàng, in similar manner to the Trần kings. The Le Dynasty 1428-1527 Le Loi overthrew the Ming called the Lam son Revolution. 300,000 Ming soldiers killed In 1428, Le ascended the throne and renamed the country again Dai Viet and moved the capital back to Thang Long. Land reforms, move away from Buddhism and towards Confucianism, and rights for women. Le Loi Art became more influenced by Chinese styles National maps commissioned Writing Dai Viet history Opened hospitals and distributed medicines to pandemic areas Le Dynasty Art Vietnamese Dynasties Dinh Dynasty 968-980 Prior Le Dynasty 980-1009 Ly Dynasty 1009-1225 Tran Dynasty 1225-1400 Ho Dynasty 1400-1409 Fourth Chinese Domination 1407-1427 Le Dynasty 1428-1788