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NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
NOVEMBER 2013
HISTORY: PAPER I
Time: 3 hours
150 marks
PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY
1.
This question paper consists of 8 pages and a Source Material Booklet of 4 pages (i – iv).
Please check that your question paper is complete. Remove the Source Material Booklet
from the middle of the question paper.
2.
Read the questions carefully.
3.
All questions must be answered.
This paper consists of:
Section A, which includes:
• Visual Analysis
• Textual Analysis
• Media Analysis
AND
Section B, which includes:
Source-based questions using the Source Material Booklet
AND
Section C, which includes:
A source-based essay using the Source Material Booklet
4.
Number your answers exactly as the questions are numbered.
5.
Leave a line open between your answers.
6.
It is in your own interest to write legibly. Work in an orderly way and present your answers
as neatly as possible.
7.
Candidates must pay attention to the mark allocation. Unless otherwise indicated two
marks are awarded for a valid point. This means that a question carrying 4 marks requires
two points.
8.
Use the sources provided to formulate your answer unless specifically instructed to use
your knowledge.
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NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I
SECTION A
IN-DEPTH INDIVIDUAL SOURCE ANALYSIS
QUESTION 1
VISUAL ANALYSIS
Page 2 of 8
This cartoon entitled 'Gunpowder Plot' appeared in the British publication Punch on
2 November 1955. The cartoon features President Nasser of Egypt (bottom right) and
the leaders of Syria and Iraq being supplied with weapons by the USSR which is
represented as the shopkeeper.
[<http://punch.photoshelter.com/image/I0000xlZHcCiqizU> Accessed 20 July 2012]
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NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I
1.1
Page 3 of 8
Refer to ONE piece of evidence in the cartoon that identifies the shopkeeper as the
USSR.
(2)
1.2
What is the message that the cartoonist intended to convey in this cartoon?
(2)
1.3
The Gunpowder Plot was an unsuccessful plan led by Guy Fawkes to blow up the
British parliament in 1605. Today children in Britain and other parts of the world
commemorate the event by setting off fireworks.
1.4
1.5
Using this information explain how the title of the cartoon ('Gunpowder Plot')
provides further evidence of the cartoonist's intention. Your answer should contain
TWO comprehensive points.
(4)
By referring to TWO visual clues discuss how the cartoonist has used bias to
achieve this intention.
(6)
Use your knowledge to place this cartoon in historical context by briefly explaining
the involvement of both the USA and the USSR in the Middle East after Nasser
became leader of Egypt in 1954. Your answer should include THREE
comprehensive points.
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(6)
[20]
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NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I
QUESTION 2
Page 4 of 8
TEXTUAL ANALYSIS
This is an extract from a speech that was delivered at the base of the Brandenburg
Gate in Berlin, Germany, on 12 June 1987 by President Ronald Reagan of the United
States to the people of West Berlin.
In the 1950s, Khrushchev predicted: 'We will bury you.' But in the West today, we see a
free world that has achieved a level of prosperity and well-being unprecedented* in all
human history. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness,
declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind – too little food. Even
today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. After these four decades, then, there
stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to
prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity* and
peace. Freedom is the victor.
And now the Soviets themselves may, in a limited way, be coming to understand the
importance of freedom. We hear much from Moscow about a new policy of reform and
openness. Some political prisoners have been released. Certain foreign news
broadcasts are no longer being jammed*. Some economic enterprises have been
permitted to operate with greater freedom from state control. Are these the beginnings of
profound changes in the Soviet state? Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false
hopes in the West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? We welcome
change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the
advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace.
There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance
dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek
peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek
liberalisation*: Come here to this gate! Mr Gorbachev, open this gate!
Mr Gorbachev, tear down this wall!
[<http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/historicdocuments/a/teardownwall.htm> Accessed 21 July 2012]
* unprecedented = has not happened before
* comity = courtesy and friendship
* jammed = blocked
* liberalisation = reform
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
According to Reagan, why was the Communist world considered to be a failure?
Write down THREE reasons.
(6)
Use your knowledge to write down the terms given to the 'new policy of reform and
openness' that were introduced by Gorbachev. Write down TWO terms.
(4)
What, according to Reagan, would be the one sign that Gorbachev could make to
prove that his new policy was not a 'token gesture'?
(2)
Write down one propaganda technique that has been used by Reagan in this speech.
Support your answer with ONE quote from the source.
(4)
This speech is often referred to as one of history's iconic* speeches. Use your
knowledge of the historical context of this speech to explain why. Your answer
should include TWO comprehensive points.
* iconic = famous and symbolic
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(4)
[20]
Page 5 of 8
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I
QUESTION 3
MEDIA ANALYSIS – GLOBALISATION
The original source was published in 2004 and appeared on the Solidarity Philippines
Australia Network <website www.cpcabrisbane.org>.
2004 Is the 60th Birthday of the World Bank
and IMF … but …
Send an Unhappy Birthday Card to the IMF and the World Bank
On Your 60th Birthday We Call on You to Cancel 100% of the Debts of Impoverished*
Countries Without Harmful Conditions!
We want to bring attention to the devastating legacy that unjust IMF/ World Bank policies and
ever-growing debt have had on countries of the Global South. We will also make it clear that
the debt crisis has not been resolved! While the World Bank and IMF continue to drag their
feet with their limited and conditional debt relief program, thousands continue to die
needlessly from preventable diseases and HIV/AIDS.
[Adapted from <http://cpcabrisbane.org/V18n1/IMF_WB> Accessed 20 July 2012]
* impoverished = poor
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Page 6 of 8
3.1
What is the intention of this source?
(2)
3.2
What is the 'debt' referred to in this source? Use your knowledge to explain briefly
how this 'debt' came into being.
(6)
Provide TWO quotes of bias from the source that are evidence of its disapproval of
the IMF and World Bank.
(4)
3.3
3.4
3.5
Use your knowledge to explain the role of the following financial institutions in the
world economy:
3.4.1 World Bank
(2)
3.4.2 IMF
(2)
Use your knowledge to explain whether the claim that the World Bank and IMF
are responsible for the deaths of thousands from preventable diseases and
HIV/AIDS is valid.
(4)
[20]
60 marks
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Page 7 of 8
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I
SECTION B
SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS
Study the sources contained in the Source Booklet and then answer the following
questions:
Refer to Sources A and B
1.1
Why did traditional Western historians blame the USSR for starting the Cold War?
(2)
1.2
How does the Post-Revisionist view of the Cold War differ from the Traditional
view? Your answer should refer to both views.
(4)
Use Source A to identify which view of the origins of the Cold War the writer of
Source B supports. Explain your decision.
(4)
1.3
Refer to Source C
1.4
1.5
Use your knowledge to explain what the following historical terms are. (Your
answer should also focus on the intention behind each of these policies.)
1.4.1
Truman Doctrine
(3)
1.4.2
Marshall Plan
(3)
How did Gorbachev's new approach towards the Eastern European communist
states change Soviet views of the origins of the Cold War? Your answer should
focus on the link between Gorbachev's new approach and the change from the
traditional Soviet historiography. Your answer should include TWO comprehensive
points.
(6)
Refer to Source D
1.6
Write down TWO reasons that Simon Willis gives for hating the Communists.
(4)
1.7
Evaluate the reliability of Source D for a historian studying the impact of the Cold
War on the world in the 1950s.
(6)
Refer to Sources E and F
1.8
Both of these cartoons are critical of the role played by the respective superpowers
in the Cold War. By referring to ONE visual clue in EACH of the cartoons explain
how the cartoonists have portrayed the superpowers in a similar way.
(6)
Refer to Sources G and H
1.9
Use your knowledge to explain what Churchill meant by an 'iron curtain'.
(2)
1.10
Was Stalin correct to interpret Churchill's speech as being critical of the USSR?
Provide TWO quotes from Source G to support your answer.
(6)
Write down TWO reasons that Stalin gives for the USSR wanting to see
governments loyal to the USSR being established in Eastern Europe.
(4)
1.11
50 marks
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SECTION C
Page 8 of 8
SOURCE-BASED ESSAY
Use Sources A to H in the Source Material Booklet to write a source-based essay on
the following topic:
To what extent was the USSR to blame for the Cold War that developed after the Second
World War?
Be sure to use the sources provided to construct your argument and remember to
reference the sources by letter.
40 marks
Total: 150 marks
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NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
NOVEMBER 2013
HISTORY: PAPER I
SOURCE MATERIAL
FOR SECTION B AND SECTION C
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NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I – SOURCE MATERIAL
SOURCE A
Page ii of iv
Western historiography* of the origins of the Cold War
The Traditional* View
At first Western historians blamed the USSR. They said Stalin was trying to build up a Soviet
empire.
The Revisionist* View
Later, however, some Western historians blamed the USA. Some revisionists argued that
America's chief aim in the years after the war was to make sure that there was an 'open door' for
American trade, and that this led the American government to make sure that countries remained
capitalist like the USA.
The Post-Revisionist View
Later still historians think that BOTH the USA and the USSR were to blame – that there were
hatreds on both sides. Most recent historians agree that the Cold War was primarily a clash of
beliefs – Communism versus Capitalism.
[Adapted from <www.johndclare.net/cold_war3_answer.htm> Accessed 19 July 2012]
* historiography = the study of different writings or interpretations of history
* traditional = original or accepted view
* revisionist = changing existing theories or interpretations
SOURCE B
An extract from the book The Tragedy of American Diplomacy by the
American historian William A Williams
Who said that capitalism is meek and mild? Capitalism is by nature aggressive. Businessmen
want to dominate the world market, and think it is good to want to do so. After 1946 American
businessmen had the American government enthusiastically behind them. And together they set
about systematically destroying 'the opposition' – which, in global terms, meant the Soviet Union.
It was American capitalism that caused the Cold War, and it had the additional advantage that the
Communists (since they used political means to assert themselves) could so easily be made to
look oppressive* and tyrannical*. They didn't stand a chance.
[Williams, William A. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, Norton, 1959, page 39]
* oppressive = cruel and unjust
* tyrannical = cruel and giving harsh punishment to those who disobey orders
SOURCE C
Soviet historiography
Soviet historiography was based on the standard Marxist line that conflict was inevitable*, given
the hostility* of capitalism towards the USSR, which was seen as the bastion* of communism.
Soviet writers highlighted the actions of Soviet foreign policy as attempts to safeguard the
Revolution against the aggressive capitalist powers in the West. In the Official History of the
USSR (1959), B Ponomaryov described the Truman Doctrine as a smokescreen* for US
expansion and Marshall Aid as a tool of US power and influence. It was not until Gorbachev's
refusal to support unpopular communist regimes* in Eastern Europe at the end of the 1980s that
Soviet writers could be critical of Soviet dominance over the Eastern bloc.
[Phillips, Steve The Cold War: Conflict in Europe and Asia, Heinemann, 2001, page 143]
* inevitable = unavoidable
* hostility = opposition
* bastion = stronghold
* smokescreen = cover-up
* regimes = governments which do not have the support of the majority
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NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER I – SOURCE MATERIAL
SOURCE D
Page iii of iv
Simon Willis was born in England in 1946 to a British mother and an
American father. He moved to the USA in 1950 and recalls his
childhood in that country
We were brought up to hate the communists – 'Commies' we called them, both the Chinese and
the Russians. With the Ruskies [Russians] it was the atomic bomb we feared most. My worst,
recurring nightmare was nuclear war. I used to wake up in a sweat thinking that it had started and
wondering where we were going to hide. I dreamed of those great mushroom clouds of A-bombs
[atom bombs] going off somewhere in the distance, waiting for the blast, then the radiation. We'd
been told that we'd have four minutes warning of an A-bomb attack – four minutes from the time
the siren sounded to the moment the bomb went off – and my friends and I used to discuss what
we'd do in those last four minutes. We joked about stuffing ourselves with ice-cream, but really I
think that deep down we were really scared. Quite a few of us really thought the world was going
to end – blown to bits by the Commies. It would be their fault of course.
[Ross, Stewart Witness to History: The Collapse of Communism, Heinemann, 2004, page 13]
SOURCE E
A cartoon entitled Who's next to be liberated from freedom? by David
Low, a British cartoonist, and published in March 1948. Stalin is seated
while his Foreign Minister, Molotov, stands spinning the globe. On
Stalin's desk is a photograph of the United States Secretary of State
George Marshall
Who's next to be liberated from freedom?
[Condon, Christopher The Making of the Modern World, Macmillan, 1987, page 465]
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SOURCE F
Page iv of iv
A Soviet cartoon by Krokodil published in 1948 shows European
countries on their knees worshipping their US paymaster
[Waugh, Steven Essential Modern World History, Nelson Thornes, 2001, page 239]
SOURCE G
An extract from a speech delivered by former British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill speaking in the presence of President Truman in
Fulton, USA on 6 March 1946
A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory. From Stettin in the
Baltic to Trieste on the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended. Behind that line lie the states of
central and eastern Europe. The Communist parties have been raised to power far beyond their
numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian* control. This is certainly not the
liberated* Europe we fought to build. Nor is it one which allows permanent peace.
[Walsh, Ben Modern World History, John Murray, 1996, page 249]
* totalitarian = authoritarian and dictatorial
* liberated = freed
SOURCE H
Stalin's response to Churchill's speech (1946)
Mr Churchill now takes the stance of warmonger* and he is not alone. He has friends not only in
Britain, but in the United States. As a result of the German invasion, the Soviet Union's loss of life
has been several times greater than that of Britain and the USA put together. And so what can be
surprising about the fact that the Soviet Union, anxious for its future safety, is trying to see that
governments loyal to the Soviet Union, should exist in the countries through which the Germans
made their invasion. We are not expansionist.*
[Waugh, Steven Essential Modern World History, Nelson Thornes, 2001, page 233]
* warmonger = aggressor; looking to start to a war
* expansionist = empire building
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NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
NOVEMBER 2013
HISTORY: PAPER II
Time: 2 hours
150 marks
PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY
1.
This question paper consists of 4 pages. Please check that your question paper is complete.
2.
Read the questions carefully.
3.
Answer ONE question from Section A. Answer BOTH questions from Section B.
4.
Accurate and adequate factual knowledge is essential; equally important is the ability to use
relevant information critically in answering the questions.
5.
Start each question on a new page.
6.
Number your answers exactly as the questions are numbered in the question paper.
7.
Leave lines open between answers.
8.
It is in your interest to write legibly. Work in an orderly way and present your answers as
neatly as possible.
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Page 2 of 4
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER II
SECTION A
DISCURSIVE ESSAY
Answer ONE question from this section.
Write a discursive essay showing evidence of analysis, interpretation, explanation and argument on
one of the following:
THEME
CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS
QUESTION 1
Although they both fought for an end to inequality, the Civil Rights Movement and the Women's
Movement had nothing else in common.
Critically assess the accuracy of this statement by referring to the aims, methods and achievements
of these two protest movements in the United States in the 1960s.
[70]
OR
THEME
SOUTH AFRICA'S EMERGENCE AS A DEMOCRACY
QUESTION 2
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was an important bridge between the old and the
new, and helped South Africans to move from apartheid to democracy.
Critically assess the accuracy of this statement by referring to the aims, methods and achievements
of the TRC for the period 1995 to 1998.
[70]
70 marks
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Page 3 of 4
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER II
SECTION B
EXTENDED WRITING
Answer BOTH questions from this section. Each piece of extended writing should be
approximately 350 – 400 words in length. You should use your own knowledge and you may also
refer to the visual provided to answer the questions.
THEME
CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS
QUESTION 3
Shown below is a famous photograph entitled 'The Black Power Salute' taken at the 1968 Olympic
Games in Mexico. Two African American athletes made history by staging a silent protest against
racial discrimination in the USA. The two athletes stood with their heads bowed and a black-gloved
hand raised as the American National Anthem played during the victory ceremony.
[<http://inthepastlane.com/tag/black-power-salute-mexico-city-olympics/>
Date Accessed 25 March 2013]
Explain the role played by the Black Power Movement to end racial discrimination in the USA in
the 1960s by answering the following questions:
(a)
What was the Black Power Movement and what were its aims?
(b)
Why did African Americans support the Black Power Movement?
(c)
To what extent was the Black Power Movement successful in achieving it aims?
[40]
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NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: HISTORY: PAPER II
THEME
SOUTH AFRICA'S EMERGENCE AS A DEMOCRACY
QUESTION 4
This photograph was taken in the United Kingdom in 1980. The photograph shows anti-apartheid
demonstrators protesting against Barclays Bank's involvement in South Africa and also calls for
people not to buy South African products. They carry posters in support of the arms ban and
suggest that Barclays Bank is breaking this ban by remaining involved in South Africa.
[<http://www.kpbs.org/news/2012/jan/09/independent-lens-have-you-heardjohannesburg/> Date Accessed 13 March 2013]
Explain the role played by international pressure in the 1970s and 1980s in helping to bring about
the collapse of Apartheid by answering the following questions:
(a)
Why did the international community place sanctions* on South Africa?
*sanctions = bans and restrictions
(b)
What political, economic and social sanctions did the international community place on
South Africa?
(c)
Explain the consequences of sanctions for the South African government.
[40]
80 marks
Total: 150 marks
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