* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 20130926123994
Survey
Document related concepts
Soil salinity control wikipedia , lookup
Surface runoff wikipedia , lookup
Geomorphology wikipedia , lookup
Water pollution wikipedia , lookup
Air well (condenser) wikipedia , lookup
Post-glacial rebound wikipedia , lookup
Physical oceanography wikipedia , lookup
Freshwater environmental quality parameters wikipedia , lookup
Overdeepening wikipedia , lookup
Tectonic–climatic interaction wikipedia , lookup
History of climate change science wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Section 2 Land, Water, Climate Landforms Land covers 30% of the earth. 4 Main Landforms Mountains Hills Plateaus Plains Mountains High relief (highest) 2,000 feet above sea level Himalayas – Central Asia Mt. Everest – 29,028 ft. (highest mountain) Hills •Moderate Relief •500-2,000 ft. Plateaus Low relief Raised areas of flat or almost flat land 300-3,000 ft. Plains • Low relief • Large areas of flat or gently rolling land • Less than 1,000 ft. • Largest Plain – North European Plain (more than 1,000 miles from west coast of France to the Ural Mountains of Russia Earth’s 3 Layers Core Mantle Crust Core •Center •Inner core – solid rock •Outer core – melted Mantle Made mostly of hot, solid rock Heat from core Rock in mantle begins to rise Puts pressure on crust Causes crust to move in sections- plate tectonics Plates move .8 – 2 inches per year Movement of Plates Move Together Move Apart Slide Past One Another Continenta l Drift Continental Drift: movement of plates • 220 million years ago… • Pangaea – one large land mass • Africa & South America moved apart • India & Asia collided forming…. Himalayas Volcanoes • Created by plate movement • Cone – shaped mountains made when melted rock (lava) flows up from mantle, cracks the crust, and cools into solid rock • Example: the Hawaiian Islands Earthquakes • Created by plate movement • Tectonic plates slide past one another • 800,000 earthquakes a year (50,000 can be felt) “Ring of Fire” •Pacific Ocean •Common Place for earthquakes and volcanoes These plates are still moving. Who knows…. In thousands of years California may be located off the coast of Canada! Outside forces that shape our earth Wind Water Erosion Ice Wind Erosion Wind Erosion – Positive • Plains of Northern China – wind carries thick, rich, yellowish soil (loess) from the desert • Large amounts of wheat and other crops are grown here Wind Erosion - Negative • Dust Bowl of 1930s • Central U.S. – wind blew away so much soil it became known as Dust Bowl Water Erosion Water Erosion - Positive • Mekong River in Southeast Asia • River carries rich soil down from the mountains to lowlands creating fertile farmland Water Erosion - Negative • Huang Ho River in Northern China • Overflows, flooding farms and homes Ice Erosion Ice Erosion - Positive • Ice Ages: 4 times in 500,000 years • Glaciers (sheets of ice) created lakes and channels for rivers; smoothes hills into plains Ice Erosion - Negative •Ice Ages have driven people and animals from homes How have landforms affected history? 1. People do not settle in mountain because: • Travel is difficult • Hard to breath; thin air • Cold temperatures 2. People did settle in plains and hilly areas because there was rich soil to farm Waterways 70 % of the earth’s surface is water. Oceans: Largest Bodies of Water • Atlantic • Pacific • Indian • Arctic Bodies of Salt Water Seas • Partly surrounded by land • Salt water Lakes • Usually fresh water • Completely surrounded by land Rivers • Waterway that empties into another body of water • Begins in hills or mountains Rivers • River System – a river and all streams that flow into it • Nile River: Longest river system in the world Waterways help people decide where to live: Along rivers Why? • Trade • Travel • irrigation • Hunting • Drinking water Climate What shapes climate? • Sun • Large bodies of water • Air movement Climate is the pattern of weather of a place over many years Climate is shaped by the Sun The Sun • Produces heat and light • The movements of the earth determines how the sun affects climate Movements of the Earth •Rotation •Revolution Rotation • The earth rotates (spins) on its Axis • Axis – imaginary line that runs through the center of the earth from North Pole to South Pole • 24 hours = 1 rotation • Causes day and night Revolution • The earth moves around the sun in an almost circular path called an orbit • 365 ¼ = 1 revolution • Causes seasons Climate Zones Climate Zones • Tropical • Temperate • Polar Climate and Water • Large bodies of water keep temperature from becoming too hot or too cold How? Climate / Air Movement / Oceans • Wind – air that moves • Prevailing winds – blow from certain positions almost all the time • Monsoons – winds that change direction according to the seasons Ocean Currents • Ocean water that flows in a steady stream • Winds and ocean currents carry heat and moisture all over the world Currents from equator to pole carry warm water Currents from pole to equator carry cool water Climate & Altitude • Climate is shaped by altitude • Higher the altitude – colder the climate Do people live in high altitudes? YES! Incas lived in Andes Mountains because the climate is more comfortable Tarahumara Indians must migrate during cold seasons Precipitation • The falling of moisture such as rain or snow • Precipitation is affected by altitude Climate Shapes History • • • • • • • Types of houses Crops Work clothes Entertainment The way a country behaves to its neighbors wars