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Science and Health 5 Session 2 Study Guide 3 C.N.:______Name:___________________________________________________Section:________________________ CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS To classify organisms into groups, scientists study many characteristics. They study the number of cells and whether the cells have a nucleus, and cell parts. They also look at body form and how an organism gets food. They observe if it moves from place to place. Even how organisms reproduce is studied. For many years, scientists could not settle on a single classification system. People often used different names to describe the same organism. This often led to confusion. Through the years, a worldwide classification system was developed. It divides organisms into large groups called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom share basic traits. A trait is a characteristic of a living thing. Organisms within a kingdom are similar with one another but are different from organisms in other kingdoms. Let’s look at the table below. Kingdom Archaebacteria Eubacteria Number of Cells one Nucleus Food no make one no make or obtain Classifying Organisms Move from Reproduction place to place some move asexual some move asexual Major Characteristic(s) Examples oldest life form; preference for extreme environments where no other life forms can exist (volcanic vents, highly acidic habitats and very salty places) beneficial bacteria – harmless; methanogens, thermophiles, halophiles build up and break down organic compounds Protista one or many yes make or obtain some move asexual or sexual Fungi one or many yes absorb no asexual or sexual Plantae many yes make no asexual or sexual Animalia many yes eat yes asexual or sexual pathogenic bacteria – cause diseases some are plant-like and some are animal-like attach themselves to their food with clumps of tiny threads called hyphae produce their own food through photosynthesis eat food to survive; most move around except for some sessile organisms bacillus, streptococcus, spirillus algae, euglena, plankton, amoeba, paramecium mushrooms, puffballs, yeast, molds mosses, ferns, pines, flowering plants mammals, amphibians, reptiles CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING Which kingdoms are composed of a. one – celled organisms? ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ b. many – celled organisms? ______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Why don’t fungi and plants move from place to place? _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Why is it important to classify organisms? _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Organisms can be further classified. Lions and spiders belong to the animal kingdom even though they are very different. That is why scientists use smaller and smaller groups to further classify organisms. The smaller the group, the more similar the organisms. The chart below shows the groups from general traits to specific traits. There are fewer different kinds of organisms in each group as you move down. KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Canidae GENUS Canis SPECIES familiaris CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING Which of the following shows the general to specific classification of living things? Encircle the letter of your answer. A. B. C. D. kingdom, phylum, order, class, genus, family, species kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom species, family, genus, class, order, phylum, kingdom Are there more organisms in a class or a family? ________ How can you tell? ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ The classification system plays a part in how each organism is named. The naming system that we use today, the Binomial Nomenclature, was developed by Swedish scientist, Carolus Linnaeus. We can use this simple formula in naming organisms: Genus name + species name = Scientific name Take note that the first letter of the genus name is always written with a capital letter. For example, the scientific name of a jaguar is Panthera onca. COMMON NAME GENUS NAME SPECIES NAME Panthera onca Panthera tigris Panthera leo Felis concolor Felis catus Jaguar Tiger Lion Mountain Lion House Cat CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING How do scientists name organisms? _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the scientific name of a: a. tiger? ________________________________________________________________________________________ b. mountain lion? _________________________________________________________________________________ References: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Science by Moyer, et.al., Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Edition
