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CHAPTER 12 Recovery & Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance Collect/Check Outlines Chapter 11/Western Civ Quiz Primary source quiz Collect What Characteristics distinguish the Renaissance from the Middle Ages? Jacob Burckhardt created the concept of the Renaissance – rebirth from the Middle Ages Revival of antiquity Perfecting of the individual Secularism : there was not a sudden or dramatic cultural break with the Middle Ages (1000 years between Roman Empire and the Renaissance) What Characteristics distinguish the Renaissance from the Middle Ages? Age of century from the horrible 14th Black Death Political disorder Economic recession Rediscovery of Greco-Roman culture Emphasis on ability Leon Battista Alberti: “Men can do all things if they will” Human dignity & worth “L’uomo uniersale” (universal person) – well rounded personality capable of many achievements What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance? Economic recovery Italian merchants flourished in commerce throughout the Mediterranean & North Atlantic Seaboard : Northern German coastal towns formed commercial and military association Commercial bases in England, Denmark, Norway, Sweden Monopoly on Northern European trade Timber, fish, grain, metals, honey, wines Bruges, Belgium became the economic crossroads of Europe in 14th century What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance? Industry Printing, mining, metallurgy, textiles flourished Entrepreneurs took advantage of new machinery The Medicis and Banking House of Medici was the greatest bank in Europe Venice, Milan, Rome, Avignon, Bruges, London, Lyons Principal bankers of the papacy Made Florence the banking capital, became wealthy What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance? The Renaissance inherited social structures from Middle Ages Three 1st Estates: – clergy 2nd – Nobility: privilege earned providing security & justice 3rd – peasants & inhabitants of cities and towns What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance? Nobility had new expectations Baldassare Castiglione wrote The Book of the Courtier 1. 2. 3. How to be an aristocrat Impeccable character, grace, talents, noble birth Participate in military and bodily exercises *but unlike knights of old they also had to* Classical education – music, drawing, painting Make a good impression, modest with grace What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance? Peasants made up 85-90 % of European Population Decline of Manorial System & Elimination of Serfdom Introduction of a money economy in 12th century Less peasantry after Black Death Lord’s lands were worked by hired workers or rented Urban Society – wealthy traders, industry, bankers – shopkeepers, guild masters, guild members Property-less workers – low, low wages Unemployed – miserable lives (30-40%) Note: The Renaissance was a time of Rebirth for the and the . The third estate was too busy trying to survive to consider new ways of thinking or interpreting the universe Consider foundations of Renaissance Burkhardt’s factors Revival of antiquity Perfecting of the individual Secularism Economic Revival End of manorialism & serfdom Industry & Banking More Successful Rise of individuals & Patricians Castiglione’s rules for nobility Create a thesis proposing why these factors would lead to an intellectual and artistic Renaissance Should be one sentence Create an outline showing how you would defend the thesis in three body paragraphs (don’t write the paragraphs – just bullet, letters, numbers, etc) Italian States Northern Italy divided between the duchy of Milan and the Republic of Venice Francesco Sforza a (mercenary soldier) conquered Milan and became its duke Trade in Venice made it rich and powerful Republic of Florence Ruled by the Medici Family – Cosimo, then Lorenzo the Magnificent (republic in image only) A few notes about your Elizabeth Essays 1. 2. 3. “Unifying” thesis – outlines rest of paper Watch “catholic” versus “Catholic” Formal speech 1. 2. 4. No use of 1st person No slang or vernacular Introductions and Conclusions Italian States Papal States Central Italy Under the political control of the popes Great Schism enabled individual cities to become independent Kingdom of Naples Most of southern Italy, island of Sicily Fought over by the French and the Aragonese Backward monarchy, poverty stricken peasants Italian States Independent City States Led by powerful families Urbino Federigo da Montefeltro Clasical education, humanist Skilled at fighting Reliable and honest Great Married to Battista Sforza Niece of Duke of Milan Governed while Federigo away Italian State Isabella d’Este Daughter of duke of Ferrara Known for her intelligence and political wisdom “first lady of the world” Attracted artists & intellectuals Preventing the growth of any one state at the expense of others Peace of Lodi: ended halfcentury of war and created a 40 year peace Alliance system: Milan, Florence, Naples vs. Venice & Papacy Ludovico Sforza (Duke of Milan) invited French to get involved in Italian politics Chalres VIII occupied Naples Warfare in Italy Italian states invited Ferdinand of Aragon for help 15 years: French and Spanish fought over Italy Continued through next series of kings Italians never considered uniting – fiercely loyal to own states Italians began to send diplomats to find out information about their enemies Birth of modern diplomacy Machiavelli Niccolo Machiavelli Secretary to the Florentine Council of Ten Made many diplomatic missions 1512: French defeated Spanish and reestablished Medici Power – Machiavelli expelled Wrote The Prince (1513) The Prince Acquisition and expansion of political power to maintain order Late medieval scholars believed power should be exerted only if it was for the good of the People Machiavelli said a Prince’s attitude toward power must be based on understanding human nature Political activity could not be restricted by moral considerations Prince must act on behalf of the state and let his conscience sleep Who did Machiavelli find a good example for his theories? Cesare Borgia – son of Pope Alexander VI Used ruthless measures to achieve control “anyone who decides that the policy to follow when one has newly acquired power is to destroy one’s enemies, to secure some allies, to win wars, whether by force or by fraud, to make oneself both loved and feared by one’s subjects…cannot hope to find, in the recent past, a better model to imitate than Cesare Borgia.” Does it? – Give an Example Machiavelli Debate – 2 groups One group will represent PRO to Machiavelli’s Prince One will be CON to Machiavelli’s theories Each group must think of 5 scenarios to defend their opinion AT LEAST Three historical 2 may be hypothetical Consider the positions the opposite side will present – create rebuttals and responses to these Tomorrow we will debate where one or more representatives will speak Machiavelli Debate - Timeline 4 min, Pro Position Presentation 4 min. Con Position Presentation 3 minute Work Period 3 minute Rebuttal - Pro 3 minute Rebuttal - Con 2 minute Work Period 2 minute Response - Pro 2 minute Response - Con 1 minute Work Period 2 minute Position Summary Pro or Con 2 minute Position Summary Pro or Con 5 minutes Tallying of scores, declaration of “winner” Intellectual Renaissance 2 characteristics of Renaissance emphasis on the interest in unique traits of each person – focus on worldly things as opposed to religious things Most noticeable in intellectual & artistic realms Italy was cultural leader in Europe thanks to wealthy urban lay society Intellectual Renaissance – intellectual movement based on study of Greek and Roman classics from secular perspective Studied liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, ethics, history) All based on Greek & Roman writings Studies we call “humanities” Petrarch – “father of Italian Renaissance Humanism” didn’t become lawyer – writer instead Characterized Middle Ages as period of “darkness” Emphasized use of “pure Latin” like Cicero What effect did Humanism have on philosophy, education, politics, writing? – using Cicero as a guide, it is the duty of an intellectual to live an active life for one’s state Study of humanities should be put to service of the state – Marsilio Ficino - resurgence in study of Plato, synthesized Christianity and Platonism in a single system Chain of being from lowest to purest (plants God) What effect did Humanism have on philosophy, education, politics, writing? – from Corpus Hermeticum, stressed the occult sciences, astrology, alchemy, magic; philosophical beliefs – seeing divinity embodied in all aspects of nature and in the heavenly bodies Giordano Bruno – “God as a whole is in all things” a new view of humankind Human beings were created as divine beings endowed with creative power That which is above is also below Renaissance Art Mathematical Laws of perspective Organization of outdoor space and light with geometry Movement and anatomical structure Greek & Roman Influence Advances in sculpture and architecture Human individuality Realistic portrayal of human nude became mission of Renaissance artists Portraits & tombs Neoplatonic ideal of Human grandeur The Renaissance Artist Began career as an apprentice to masters in their craft guild Depended on Patrons for commissions Newly wealthy and powerful families (like the Medicis) would hire artists to paint their portraits, decorate their homes, or sculpt their tombs During the Renaissance artists’ social status shifted from “lowly artisans who work with their hands” to celebrity status Early to Mid Renaissance Artists Boticelli Donatello Brunelleschi Sandro Boticelli (1445- 1510) Primavera Cupid Zephyrus Mercury Three Graces Venus, Goddess of love Flora, Goddess Of Spring Chloris, nymph Donato di Donatello (1386-1466) David Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) Dome of the Duomo, Florence High Renaissance (1480-1520) final stage of Renaissance art which flourished marked by increasing importance of Rome as the cultural center Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Moved from realism to idealization of nature (showed psychological dimensions) Raphael (1483 – 1520) Madonnas surpassed human beauty, balance, harmony & order (Greco-Roman ideals) Michelangelo (1475-1564) Believed in Neoplatonism- Sistine Chapel shows divine humans Leonardo (1452-1519)– The Last Supper Raphael (1483-1520) School of Athens Raphael, Small Cowper Madonna, 1505 Michelangelo (1475-1564) David Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, 1508-1512 Titian (1485-1576), Venus of Urbino Remember Me! I’ll be important in 300 years! Human Form Individual Grandeur Perspective Wealth of Patrons Greek Reference Northern Renaissance Different approach from Italian Renaissance Italy- human form, frescoes in churches North – stained-glass windows in Gothic churches resulted in “Illuminated” manuscripts and wooden panel paintings for altarpieces North ignored perspective to gain mastery of detail in nature Jan van Eyck (1390-1441) 1st to use oil paint Striking details Among Jan van Eyck- Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride Was van Eyck hinting at something ELSE in this painting? Recreate & Create a “Renaissance” work You may work in partners, groups, or individually You may also have “guest subjects” to play roles, if needed Choose a Renaissance work and recreate it in photography Use costumes, props, and backgrounds to fit with the original image Consider what makes the Renaissance work typical for the period New Monarchies In the second half of the 15th century monarchies tried to reestablish centralized power monarchs taking back centralized power in the late 15th century Also called “ ” Growth of French Monarchy Hundred Years War (with England…remember Joan of Arc?) left France ruined Strong Nationalism Charles VII crowned king at Reims Established a royal army with cavalry and archers Right to levy – yearly, direct tax on land Louis XI “the spider” Devious Retained tailles as permanent tax Expanded territory to Burgundy, Anjou, Provence England: Civil War and New Monarchy Hundred Years War (England trying to take French Crown) ruined England economically War of the Roses (1450s) Civil War House of Lancaster (Red Rose) Led by Henry Tudor House Led of York (White Rose) by Edward, then Richard York Henry Tudor defeated Richard at Bosworth Field England: New Monarchy Henry VII (1485-1509) Worked to strengthen monarchial government Makes sense…just won a CIVIL war Established Court of Star Chamber No juries Allowed torture Financial reform, fiscally conservative Diplomatic – avoided wars Left England stable and prosperous Unification of Spain Reconquista: taking Spain back from Muslims In Middle Ages Spain consisted of several independent Christian kingdoms Aragon & Castile were strongest Navarre – small kingdom in north Granada – last Muslim kingdom in south Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married in 1469 Maintained separate kingdoms Worked to strengthen royal control Unification of Spain Ferdinand & Isabella Reorganized military Developed strong infantry force- best in Europe Strict religious uniformity Spanish 1492: Inquisition: persecuted Jews and Muslims took back Granada, kicked out Muslims Expelled all Jews from Spain 1502: expelled all Muslims Holy Roman Empire Controlled by the Hapsburg Family Did not have strong centralized authority Didn’t fight wars, formed alliances through marriage Emperor Maximilian I Son Philip married Joana (daughter to Ferdinand & Isabella) Son Charles would become heir to the Hapsburgs, the Burgundian, and the Spanish Eastern Europe Population mostly Slavic, Poland Religious conflicts Aristocrats established between Roman right to elect kings Catholics, Greek Polish Kings couldn’t Orthodox, and pagans establish strong authority Bohemia Under Holy Roman Empire but the Czechs allied with Poles and Slavs Russia – Ivan III freed Moscow from Mongols Ottoman Turks and End of Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire had been the buffer between the Ottoman Turks and Europe 1453: Ottomans ended the Byzantine empire Mehmet II laid siege to Constantinople Cannons breached the walls End of the fifteenth century Turks were threatening Europe The Church & Renaissance John Wyclif (1328-1384) Englishman Attacked papal authority No biblical basis for popes Bibles should be in vernacular so everyone can read it Rejected everything not in the bible Pilgrimages Saints Ritual : Wyclif’s followers The Church & the Renaissance Lollards spread to Bohemia Czech reformers led by John Hus Native Czechs embraced Hus’s teachings Attempted to deal with heresy, summoned Hus Hus condemned and burned at stake in 1415 Bohemia responded with upheaval raged in HRE until 1436, ended with truce The Church & the Renaissance Reforms were issued to little avail By mid-fifteenth century popes reestablished authority Moral leadership declined Pope Alexander VI – led debauchery and criminal acts Had children with mistresses Encouraged son Cesare (inspiration for The Prince) to take a state from Papal states (Urbino) Pope Leo X (son of Lorenzo de’Medici) major patron of arts Commissioned Raphael to paint portrait and other works Helped Rome become the artistic center of the Renaissance