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The Renaissance The Renaissance—a cultural re-awakening in Europe after the Middle Ages New push for individualism Time of great artistic and cultural achievements, though these don’t apply to the masses The Beginning of the Renaissance The Renaissance begins in northern Italy (technically, still part of the HRE but functioned as a conglomeration of city-states) Rome, Milan, Florence, Venice, Genoa Unique factors of northern Italy Wealthy through trade and commerce, not agriculture Nobility had to share power Centers of education and free thought Phases of the Renaissance There is no single date which begins the Renaissance 1350-1400 General decline of European society, until a rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman literature (thanks, Crusades) Lots of social experimentation (feudalism? towns?) To a certain extent, the Plague provided a clean slate 1400-1500 Renaissance thrives in Italy, new thoughts glorified Italy becomes more stable/peaceful Values become uniform 1500-1550 Italy invaded by Spain and France—Renaissance ideas spread Humanism A new outlook on life inspired by the newly discovered works of ancient Greece and Rome Previously, medieval scholars tried to fit everything into a Christian mold—everything we do and know should be based on God’s work and salvation Humanism Humanism—a Renaissance philosophy that urges a focus on human, rather than religious, matters Inspired by ancient Greek and Roman beliefs It is important to live well and do one’s civic duty It is our duty to learn about the world around us and discover how it works Didn’t attack the Church, but sought to incorporate other ideas Humanism Humanism featured two concepts: secularism—a focus on realities of the world, ignoring religious preaching individualism—people should explore their own personal interests Fathers of Humanism include: Petrarch Boccaccio Giovanna Pico Oration and Dignity of Man proposed: Man has the ability and freedom to shape his own life Man has the ability to understand and control nature An “Urban” Renaissance To a large extent, Renaissance ideas thrived mainly in urban areas Many city-dwellers felt free to enjoy themselves already Wealthy nobles patronized the arts, Medici family Women in Renaissance environments enjoyed more freedom than those living ‘medievally’ Renaissance Politics Renaissance thinkers came to see government as a secular (non-religious) institution People have a civic duty to obey their govt Leaders have a responsibility to govern in the best interest of their citizens European leaders not in Renaissance areas— monarchs and nobles—touted their roles as deities: divine right to rule Machiavelli Machiavelli (1469-1527) Renaissance humanist, historian, and philosopher from Florence Machiavelli’s arguments in The Prince: Good leaders know that the end is justified by the means, even if the means are immoral Religion can be used as a tool to manipulate Renaissance Economics Trade flourished in the northern Italian city-states Influenced by humanism, people began to pursue wealth and material happiness Explosion in the value of artwork, especially among nobles City-dwellers now have money to spend too (rise of the middle class, guilds, etc.) Renaissance Art Renaissance art reflected individualism, secular achievement, and worldly values Three main areas: painting, sculpture, architecture Painters experienced with perspective: shading and proportion Giotto Brunelleschi Van Eyck Botticelli Renaissance Art Some Renaissance artists excelled in more than one domain, and are better known today: Michelangelo da Vinci Giovanni Danato’s Crucifixion 1495 fresco held in the Church and Covenant of Santa Maria delle Grazzi in Milan facing da Vinci’s Last Supper Brunelleschi’s Dome • 1436 Florence, Italy • Bascilica of St. Mary of the Flower Jan Van Eyck’s Arnolfini Marriage • 1453, oil on oak • Wedding of Italian merchant Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini and his wife • Considered one of the more complex paintings in Western art because of the iconography and the use of the mirror to reflect space Botticelli’s Birth of Venus • Commissioned for the Medici family in 1486 • Neoplatonic interpretation, the idea of divine love in the form of a nude Venus Raphael’s St. Catherine of Alexandria • The breaking wheel, or Catherine wheel, was a medieval torture device • Raphael’s portrait of Catherine of Alexandria • sentenced to death by the wheel after refusing to denounce her Christian faith. It is said that the wheel broke as soon as she touched it. Consequently, she was beheaded. The Protestant Reformation The Church underwent a number of changes in the Middle Ages. From time to time, critics appeared but were always silenced by the Church. Generally speaking, the average European peasant had very limited knowledge of Christianity despite being devoutly religious Christianity was a mix of a lot of local beliefs Service was in Latin, an extinct language (for speaking) No access to the Bible—couldn’t read anyway Important early Protestant reformers: Wycliffe, Hus, Luther John Wycliffe (1320 – 1384) John Wycliffe—schoolteacher in Oxford, England who attacked the wealth of the Church the Church did not control individuals’ fates Sacraments not necessary to be saved Gained support from English nobility who resented the Church’s power Translated Bible passages into English vernacular because most could not read Latin Lollards—Wycliffe’s supporters who continued to promote his ideas after his death Jan Hus (1369 – 1415) Jan Hus—called for the Holy Roman Empire to become independent of the Church Caught and burned at the stake His followers revolted and broke with the Church Followers called Hussians Church Problems During the Avignon Papacy period (1309-1377) several of the Papal States gained their independence When the papacy returned to Rome, Popes were elected based on their leadership skills, not their spirituality Financial issues meant the Church turned into a moneymaking enterprise Tithe—10% of income given to the Church (not new, just enforced more) Indulgences—selling forgiveness/passages to Heaven Developed concept of purgatory—the “in between” zone souls rest in awaiting Judgment Day Martin Luther (1483-1546) Priest and Professor of Theology at the University of Whittenburg who argued that faith is all that’s needed for salvation In 1517 Luther challenged priest Johann Tetzel on selling indulgences to build St. Peter’s Bascilica 95 Theses—Martin Luther’s criticisms of the Catholic Church Luther nailed his criticisms to Tetzel’s church’s door When the Church formally excommunicated him, Luther publicly burned the memo The HR Emperor summoned Luther for a formal apology, but he refused to recant Formed the Lutheran Church The Lutheran Church Characteristics of the Lutheran Church Stressed an individual relationship with God Service in the language of the congregation Statues and all iconography removed Only two sacraments: baptism and communion consubstantiation—the Lutheran belief that communion is symbolic transubstantiation—the Catholic belief that communion is literal Jesus says “This is my body… This is my blood…” (Mark 14:22-24) Not much change made in the service, Lutheran Mass still very similar to Catholic Mass. Begins the Reformation. The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) The Protestant Reformation is the schism within Western Christianity began by Martin Luther. Luther’s break with the Roman Catholic church led to the creation of new Protestant (non-Catholic) churches across northern Europe Not to be confused with the earlier schism between the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox church! Ulrich Zwingli (1484 – 1531) Ulrich Zwingli—priest who brought the Reformation to Switzerland Argued that whatever tradition was not written in Scripture should not be practiced Attacked the custom of fasting during Lent Promoted clerical marriage Attacked iconography Introduced a new communion liturgy to replace the Mass Led an attack on the the traditional Catholic cantons in Switzerland and died in battle at age 47 John Calvin 1509 - 1564 John Calvin—French theologian and reformer who emphasized strict obedience and extreme morality Introduced the concept of predestination—God has already predetermined who is saved Developed the Christian theology of Calvinism (In the US, this is the Presbyterian Church) Charles V announces the Peace of Augsburg (1555)— the ruler of the land determines the religion of the land “cuius regio, eius religio” The Protestant Reformation in England The Reformation in England was political rather than religious When the Pope refused to grant Henry VIII a divorce from his Hapsburg wife, the king created his own church and appointed himself the head of it—the Anglican Church In the US, this is the Episcopal church Henry’s oldest daughter Mary I tried to restore Catholicism in England through terror Elizabeth I secured the Anglican Church’s permanency Reformation Problems In France, very brutal fighting between Catholics and Protestants began in the 1560s 1589 Edict of Nantes protected French Protestants, though the king and country remained wholly Catholic Throughout Europe, radical Protestant groups emerged Anabaptists practiced adult baptism, lived in communes, practiced polygamy The Counter-Reformation In response to all of the breaking-away by Protestant groups, the Catholic church decided to clean its act up Counter-Reformation led by Jesuits (Society of Jesus), a new order of Catholic reformers founded by Ignatius Loyola who emphasized the reform of corrupt practices “Ad majorem Dei gloriam” For the greater glory of God 1545-1563 Council of Trent lays out a series of reforms for the Catholic church, begins the CounterReformation Christian Europe and the Wars of Religion As a result of the Protestant Reformation and the Counter-Reformation Northern Europe (except Catholic Ireland) remained largely Protestant Southern Europe remained largely Catholic Central Europe was a site of fierce conflict that escalated to full-scale war Mass Media and the Exchange of Information and Ideas Johannes Gutenburg’s printing press (1439) allowed for the spread of Reformation and Renaissance ideals and the Age of Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, but that’s for World Civ II ;) THE END!!!