Download The oldest of my two friends had just got his

B
Test deg selv
Test 1
A. 1
B. 2
C. 1
D. 2
E. 2
F. 2
G. 2
H. 2
I. 1
J. 1
K. 1
L. 2
M. 2
N. 2
O. 1
P. 2
Q. 2
R. 2
S. 2
T. 2
Test 2
A. 1
B. 1
C. 2
D. 2
E. 1
F. 2
G. 1
H. 2
I. 2
J. 2
K. 2
L. 1
M. 1
N. 1
O. 2
P. 2
Q. 2
R. 1
1
S. 2
T. 1
B1
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
1: a
2: an
3: a
4: an
5: an
6: a
7: an
2
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
1: NO ARTICLE
2: an
3: the
4: a
5: the
6: the
7: NO ARTICLE; 8: the
9: a
10: the
11: the
12: the
13: NO ARTICLE; 14: the
15: an
16: NO ARTICLE; 17: NO ARTICLE
18: the
3
By tradition, nature and upbringing, the Norwegian is a hunter, a fisherman and a whaler
(with skis on his feet). But, in practice, the contemporary Norwegian lives, more or less, like
other people in the civilized world. He lives in a house with windows, doors, (a) roof and
central heating. He has (a) TV, (a) telephone, (an)electric shaver, shoes, socks, (a)
wristwatch, a knife and a fork and he eats food that is often boiled or fried.
In other words: He has almost everything. But he doesn’t like it.
Norwegian’s ideal is to be a(the) son/daughter of the Sea, the Mountain, the Rustling
Forest – in short, a (the) son/daughter of the Wilderness, independent of the namby-pamby,
European lowlands civilization, with all its unnecessary luxury and comfort. A silent, pensive
and unfettered bird who flies his own way. This is the Norwegian’s ideal – and so he buys a
hytte, if he can afford one.
Hytte is a tiny, little house in the Wilderness.
4
Find the rules in the text and check the main points (“hovedpunkter”).
2
5
A. John is a student at the University of Oxford.
The indefinite article is used before professions and full-time occupations. The definite
article is used before the names of institutions.
B. He plays the guitar in a band.
The definite article is used before the names of musical instruments.
C. We must have respect for the life.
Many abstract nouns with a general meaning do not get an article.
D. She went on a trip to the Netherlands.
The definite article is used before the names of countries with a plural noun form.
E. I would like a copy of the Guardian, please.
The definite article is used before the names of many newspapers. (In some cases the
article is also part of the name.)
F. There have been a lot of changes in the society.
Many abstract nouns with a general meaning do not get an article.
G. She is from the Czech Republic.
The definite article is used before names that include a descriptive element first (in this
what republic).
H. The teacher has told the same story a hundred times.
The indefinite article is used before “hundred” and “thousand”.
I. She took a taxi to the town.
”To take a taxi” is an expression in English.
The definite article is usually not used after the expressions with the meaning “go to”.
6
A1 means that it is difficult to explain what those changes were like. With this meaning the
nature of … is a fixed expression. In A2 nature refers to the general concept of our natural
environment. With this meaning it always occurs with no article.
In B1 the meaning is music in general (no article). In B2 it is obvious that Mary was listening
to something concrete (definite article), perhaps while other people were doing other things. It
could be a certain song, a certain band or the like.
In C1 the person in question is looking for a new servant. Any qualified person could be
eligible for the job (indefinite article). C2 means that the person in question is looking for a
particular person (definite article), namely the person who recently was hired as servant.
In D1 John is described as a tall boy with red hair, whereas in D2 John is identified, among
many boys, as the tall boy with red hair.
B2
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
1: boys
2: feet
3: woman
4: child
5: leaves
6: potatoes
3
G.
H.
I.
J.
7: louse
8: sheep
9: photos
10: aircraft
2
1: writers
2: poetry
3: truth
4: look
5: reaction
6: genius
7: tears
8: books
9: craft
10: times
11: work
3
information (u), dog (c), police (p), advice (u), book (c), cheese (u) , clothes (p), education
(u/(c)), car (c), ice-cream (c), furniture (u), goods (p), industry (u/(c)), people (p), society
(u/(c)), chocholate (u), news (u), shopping (u), window (c), life (u/c)
4
A. He gave me some good advice / a piece of good advice.
The noun advice is uncountable.
B. I would really like some chocolate / a bar of chocolate.
The noun chocolate is uncountable in English.
C. There were three mice in the cupboard.
The noun mouse has an irregular plural form.
D. If you can’t sleep, try counting sheep.
The noun sheep has the same form in the singular and in the plural.
E. The leaves on the trees are turning yellow.
For some nouns that end in f, such as leaf, the f is changed into a v before the plural
ending -es.
F. She has a new pair of trousers.
The noun trousers is a plural-only noun, which means that a combination of the
indefinite article a and trouser without the plural ending -s is impossible. Instead we
can use the expression “a pair of” (en bukse).
G. People are funny
The noun people is a plural-only noun.
H. They brought two loaves of bread and some milk.
The noun bread is uncountable in English.
I. I saw a police officer / policeman / policewoman
The noun police is a plural-only noun.
5
In A1 the fish means “one fish” because the singular form of the verb to be (was) is used. In
A2 the fish refers to a number of fish because the plural form of the verb to be (were) is used.
The noun fish has the same form in the singular and in the plural.
4
In B1 Dutch, without any article, refers to the Dutch language, whereas the Dutch in B2, with
the definite article, means the Dutch people or some people from the Netherlands.
In C1 the plural form ducks is used to refer to a number of ducks on the farm. In C2 duck
refers to what type of meat they had for dinner.
In D1 the focus is on one analysis (singular form of noun and verb), whereas the focus on D2
is on two or more analyses (plural form).
In E1 Gavin bought an unspecified number of chocolate bits or bars, whereas in E2 Gavin
bought one bar of chocolate.
B3
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
enjoys
do
is
were
were
are
is
are – are
2
1: does
2: deserves
3: thinks
4: thinks
5: are
6: is
7: is
8: is
9: are
10: believes
11: think
12: make
13: is
14: is
3
A. This
B. Harry
C. The only person to stand between he-who-must-not-be-named and the total destruction of
the world as we know it
D. you
E. I
F. No piece of fiction
5
G.
H.
I.
J.
What is wrong with the middle of the book
Rowling
The darkest, most desperate and dynamic magical adventure of the series
Hollywood's budget for the film
4
The tradition of the summer job is fading away. Only 49 percent of American teenagers ages
16 to 19 were working — or even seeking a job — last month, down from 60 percent in June
2000, according to the US Labor Department.
Instead, many college-bound young people are in summer school, doing volunteer
work, or on a trip to the Third World—sometimes more to spice up their college applications
than out of genuine interest, admissions officers say. Given that, deans at several elite schools
say they are taking more notice when students have unglamorous jobs.
Did you work an unglamorous summer job before or during college? What was your
worst summer job? What would you recommend to students who are preparing to go to
college?
5
In A1 one sheep is grazing in the field, whereas in A2 two or more sheep are grazing in the
field. Since the noun sheep has the same form both in the singular and in the plural, only the
form of the verb to be can tell whether we have one sheep or several sheep.
In B1 the meaning is that no-one (living) is to be found in the basement. Nobody is a pronoun
meaning no-one. In B2 no corpses (dead) are to be found in the basement. Bodies is the plural
of body meaning ‘corpse’.
In C1 the meaning is that it is not fun to irritate people, whereas C2 means that people who
are irritating are no fun.
B4
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
1: any
2: some
3: some
4: anywhere
5: somewhere
6: Something
7: Any
8: some
9: somebody
10: any 11: anyone
12: somewhere
2
A. I saw something there.
B. She has been to some of those restaurants.
C. He wanted to share his sweets with somebody.
D. We are going somewhere this summer.
6
E. I remember somebody coming back here.
3
Suggestion:
A. They have no plans for tomorrow.
B. I borrowed some books from/at the library.
C. Is anybody/anyone (somebody/someone = en eller annen) at home?
D. Elizabeth lived in Scotland for some / a few years.
E. Some people will never be/get satisfied.
F. He already had/owned some of the cd’s he received/got for Christmas.
G. Would you like some more tea?
H. For some reason she could not come.
I. You can ask any teacher.
4
A. I don’t want to hear any excuses. (negative sentence)
B. She has been to some of these countries. (affirmative sentence)
C. She did not like some of the biscuits. (but she also liked some of them)
She did not like any of the biscuits. (there was not even one biscuit that she liked)
D. There is something smelly in the fridge. (affirmative sentence)
E. You can choose some topic that you fancy. (just choose something = et eller annet tema)
You can choose any topic that you fancy. (any at all = et hvilket som helst tema)
F. Somebody is here to see you. (affirmative sentence)
G. Is there anybody at home? (neutral question: any at all)
Is there somebody at home? (some person, for instance somebody that can be of help = en
eller annen)
H. There is some milk left. CORRECT
I. Come and see me any time! (any time at all = når som helst)
J. That’s some coincidence! CORRECT
K. It was not just any gun, but an AK-47. CORRECT
L. I never said anything to anybody. (negative sentence; besides, nothing – nobody
constitutes double negation)
B5
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
1: There
2: It
3: There
4: There
5: It (there also possible, but much less likely; it would point to where the food is)
6: There
7: It
8: There
2
1: it
2: there
3: It
7
4: there
5: There
6: it
7: It
8: There
9: there
10: it
3
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
It was all windy.
It is the best ever.
There are books everywhere.
It was an old woman.
There is a garden in front of it.
4
The word “challenge” is an interesting word. What is a challenge? A challenge can be a thing
that you are scared of, or maybe something that you’re not good at. There is a challenge
around every corner. Some people think that just to wake up and go to school in the morning
is a challenge. There are (additional correction: are instead of is) also many challenges at
school.
In both cases there is used because the challenges can be said to exist.
5
In A1 we are informed that there was a dog (existential there), and that dog was run over. In
A2 it is emphasized that it was a dog that was run over, not something else.
In B1 it is stated that a job is available, whereas in B2 the speaker or writer refers to a
particular job mentioned earlier (referential it), which is suitable for ‘you’. (B1 might also
mean that somebody physically is pointing to something that needs to be done over there.)
In C1 the speaker or writer concludes that there must be a mistake somewhere (existential
there). In C2 It refers to something that has been done or said previously (referential it), and
that was a mistake.
In D1 there is neutral information about a wagon train somewhere (existential there). In D2 It
refers to a particular wagon train mentioned or seen earlier – for example in the picture below
the exercise (referential it).
B6
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
1: awful
2: terribly 3: well
4: brilliant
5: wonderful
6: nicely
7: honestly
8
G. 8: happy
2
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1: well
2: fast
3: greedily
4: gratefully
5: safely
3
It was a fine spring morning in the forest as Winnie-the Pooh started out. Little soft clouds
played happily in a blue sky, skipping from time to time in front of the sun as if they had
come to put it out, and then sliding away suddenly so that the next might have his turn.
Through them and between them the sun shone bravely; and a copse which had worn its firs
all the year round seemed old and dowdy now beside the new green lace which the beeches
had put on so prettily. Through copse and spinney marched Bear; down open slopes of gorse
and heather, over rocky beds of streams, up steep banks of sandstone into the heather again;
and so at last, tired and hungry, to the Hundred Acre Wood. For it was in the Hundred Acre
Wood that Owl lived.
4
In A1 the question is very easy to answer, whereas in A2 the speaker or writer states that it is
just a question.
In B1 the meaning is that the emergency is serious, as opposed to for instance a minor
accident or an emergency drill. In B2 the speaker or writer comments that it was definitely an
emergency.
Sentence C1 means that the man is handy, for instance that he is good at fixing things. C2
could mean that he is almost a grown man.
D1 means that their opinions were both extreme and radical. D2 means that their opinions
were very radical indeed.
5
Whether an adjective is seen as positive, neutral of negative is really up to each reader or
listener. However, the comments below are based on how adjectives typically might be
interpreted in this kind of article.
SMALL (describes size – could be negative, neutral or positive, but here it is likely to be
neutral or positive for most readers) is not so much beautiful (evaluates – positive) in Japan,
but a necessity on the roads. Lack of land and low (describes – negative) wages mean boxy
(describes size/look – negative) cars with 600cc engines are everywhere. Which is why the
Japanese are experts at making small (describes size – mostly neutral) cars. So it takes a very
special (describes quality – positive) small (describes size – mostly neutral) car to steal the
spotlight from the Japanese. But that’s exactly what Audi did with the Metro Project Quattro
at the Tokyo Motor Show.
The Metro is Audi’s new (describes age – neutral/positive) small (describes size – mostly
neutral) car to rival the Mini. Ignore the stupid (evaluates – negative) show (classifies; what
9
kind of name – neutral or negative) name, it will be called the A1 when it goes on sale in
2009. It may be small (describes size – negative/ neutral) but it is unmistakeably an Audi with
the oversized (describes size – usually negative, but quite positive here for those who like the
typical present-day Audi design) chrome (classifies; what kind of grille – neutral or positive)
grille dominating the car, and at 3.19 metres it’s not that small (describes size – neutral)
compared to the Mini’s 3.69 metres.
It’s a typical cool (evaluates – positive) Audi with lots of groundbreaking
(evaluates/describes – positive) technology. The show (classifies; what kind of car/version –
neutral) car is powered by a 1.4-litre (describes – neutral) turbo (classifies; what kind of
engine – neutral/positive) petrol (classifies; what kind of engine – neutral) engine with a
30kw (describes – neutral) electric (classifies; what kind of motor – neutral/positive) motor.
And it’s quick (describes/evaluates – positive), 0-62mph in 7.8 seconds, but very economical
(describes/evaluates – positive) as well - more than 70mpg and ultra clean. It’s also one of the
few small (describes size – neutral) cars to get all-wheel (describes – neutral/positive) drive
with a version of Audi’s famous (describes – positive) Quattro (classifies; what kind of
drive/system – positive for potential Audi buyers) system. The Audi is also bursting with new
(describes age – neutral/positive) technology, including a removable (describes –
neutral/positive) phone-size (describes – neutral/positive) on-board (describes –
neutral/positive) computer that operates the phone, sat-nav, heating and music.
B7
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
1: over
2: above
3: over
4: below
5: under
6: over
7: above
8: below
2
A.
B.
C.
D.
1: for
2: since
3: for
4: since
3
1: like
2: As (like may also be found in this expression)
3: like
4: like
5: as
6: As
7: like
4
10
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
5
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
1: on
2: by/for
3: of
4: in
5: in
6: without (the expression no doubt might be used, but no is not a preposition)
7: at
8: to
We had a surprise for them.
We ate the food by ourselves.
Our cousins were coming at full speed on the bike.
There we were met by some agents.
Then we were given the choice of going back to the hotel or sightseeing with a private
guide.
We need a test person for our new motorcycle.
In most families both parents are at work during all day.
I don’t remember many books by Roald Dahl.
We were waiting for her all day long. (We were waiting on her can also be used – it
means that we were doing her all sorts of favours.)
She thought she could write music as brilliantly as Mozart.
B8
1
the children’s [all are possible, although front page is unlikely]
my sister’s [all are possible, although front page is unlikely]
Socrates’ [all are possible – if people are thinking of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates,
the following nouns are more likely: behaviour/policy/future/clothes]
the boys’ [all are possible, although dress might be the least likely choice]
Marjorie’s [all are possible, although front page is less likely]
the company’s car/bikes/behaviour/dinner/policy(/iPod)
Or: The behaviour/policy of the company
the magazine’s front page(/car/iPod/bikes/behaviour/future/dinner/policy)front page
the dog’s behaviour/future/dinner
Norway’s future/policy (behaviour)
Or: the future/policy of Norway
the women’s [all are possible, although front page is less likely]
2
A.
B.
C.
D.
Paul’s book is a crime story.
Their house is very old.
The Government’s policy on this issue is to wait and see.
The computer’s capacity / the capacity of the computer is a great advantage. / The
advantage of the computer is that it has great capacity.
E. Our idea was to organize a Christmas party.
F. The yellow leaves of the tree fell to the ground.
11
3
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Those books are yours.
This camera is mine.
That camera is his.
That camera is hers.
Is this food theirs?
Is this food ours?
4
A. the dog’s tail – Means the same, but could be less formal.
B. Mary’s friend – Could mean the same, but this version could also be more specific. Unlike
a friend of Mary’s, it does not imply that she has other friends as well.
C. the inside of the window – S-genitive is not possible because window is a thing.
D. Munch’s portrait – Munch’s portrait of somebody else, whereas the original means that
somebody else (or possibly Munch himself) has drawn a portrait of Munch.
E. Madeleine’s story – Madeleine’s own story, whereas the original version means that it is a
story about Madeleine.
F. Norway’s economy – Same meaning, but slightly less formal.
B9
1
A. 1: who
B. 2: which/that
C. 3: which/that
D. 4: which/that/(who)
E. 5: which
F. 6: who/that
G. 7: which
H. 8: who/that
2
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
3
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I know a girl who/that works as a nurse.
John has a grandfather clock which/that is very old.
I saw the boy who(m) the actress gave a flower (to).
I know a boy whose mother is a lawyer.
I had a girlfriend to whom I devoted a year of my life / … who I devoted a year of my life
to.
1: who/that
2: which/that
3: which
4: where
5: who(m)/that
6: whose
7: whom
8: when
12
4
Suggestion:
A. I have a brother who/that is two meters tall. – Refers to person.
B. He put on the blue sweater which/that he received/got for Christmas. – Refers to a thing.
C. I talked with/to Astrid, who is in my class. – Refers to a person; cannot be replaced by
that because it comes after a comma (introduces a non-restrictive relative clause).
D. This is the house which/that Jack built. – Refers to a thing.
E. That was the actor/actress whose name I couldn’t remember/recall. – Indicates possession.
F. Here is the food which/that you ordered. – Refers to a thing.
G. The house in which they live is red. / The house which/that they live in ... – Refers to a
thing.
H. Our new colleague is a young lady/woman with whom we are very satisfied. / Our new
colleague is a young lady/woman who/that we are very satisfied with. – Refers to a
person.
I. The other team cheated, which was typical of them! – Comments on the previous
statement; which cannot be replaced by that since it comes right after a comma
(introduces a non-restrictive relative clause).
B10
1
1. I’m busy all day, so I’m going skiing tonight (a) / (now (b)).
2. I go skiing in that area every Friday (c) / on Fridays (e) / almost every year (f).
3. We have to meet them. They are coming tonight (a) / now (b) / today (d).
4. Do you usually come here every Friday (c) / on Fridays (e) (almost every year (f)).
5. He plays tennis every Friday (c) / on Fridays (e) (almost every year (f)).
6. He is playing tennis tonight tonight (a) / now (b) / today (d).
2
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
They are watching TV.
Mary is watering her plants.
They are running into the forest.
Tom and Liza are playing in a band.
Johnny is taking notes for an essay.
We are reading the paper.
3
A. What are you doing right now?
I am reading a book.
B. What is your favourite hobby?
I play tennis.
C. Could you call Janet for me?
I am on the phone with her now.
D. Where will you go on holiday this year?
I always go to Greece.
E. Why are they so happy these days?
They are expecting a baby.
4
13
A. We are having breakfast at nine. – The use of the present progressive verb form is a
neutral statement about what they are going to do. The simple present verb form indicates
a habit, or that breakfast is scheduled for nine, for instance on a trip, at a school camp or
the like.
B. She is writing an essay on Henrik Ibsen. The simple present form is not likely unless
somebody keeps on writing for years.
C. She writes books for a living. – The present progressive verb form is not possible because
it is her profession; not a temporary situation.
D. Three is a crowd. – The present progressive verb form is not possible because this is
presented as a general statement; an “eternal truth”.
E. Peter is playing football. – The simple form means that it is a hobby or a job to play
football; the present progressive verb form is used to show that this is going on right now.
F. Peter likes football. – The present progressive verb form is usually not possible to
combine with stative (“no action”) verbs, such as like and love.
G. Dad is listening to the radio. – The simple present form is also possible if we mean to say
that it is Dad’s hobby or habit to listen to the radio.
H. Peter goes to school. – The present progressive verb form is not likely to be used in this
case; but possible with a longer sentence: Today Peter is going to school for the first time
in two weeks.
5
In A1 the focus is on the ability to speak French in general. In A2 the question is whether
somebody is speaking French at this very moment.
In B1 the simple present verb form (walks) indicates that this is a habit, whereas in B2 he is in
the park right now.
In C1 the meaning it is that the picture normally hangs above the sofa, whereas in C2 the use
of the present progressive verb form (is hanging) indicates that the picture is to be found
above the sofa only temporarily.
B11
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
She was eating an apple.
They were making dinner
Peter was having supper.
Shirley was completing the test.
Gordon was doing his homework.
Nelly was painting the house.
Were you cleaning the floor?
2
Last year I was standing around with a couple of co-workers during a smoke break. We were
playing a little game as we talked, one where you toss rocks at a wall and the goal is to get
your rock closer to the wall than anyone else. The wall we were aiming for was forty, maybe
forty five feet away.
14
Sure we were chatting and (were) smoking, but we were paying close attention to
our rocks and how close they got. Close enough attention that when one got close, we’d give
out an “ooh” or “ahhh” in unison.
Anyway, we had each thrown a few rocks already when this rock was thrown and hit
the concrete halfway to the wall. Unlike all the other rocks that had skipped, rolled, and
stopped near the wall, this one just “stuck” to the concrete where it first landed. We’ve played
that game on smoke breaks since then, and we talk about it almost every time ...
3
The oldest of my two friends had just got his driving license and was willing to drive almost
anywhere. Eager to drive, we got the idea of going to Italy by car, and the following week the
idea was put into action. We (1) prepared only the most necessary equipment, a map and a
lot of money. In case of strike, we decided to drive through Sweden instead of taking the boat
to Denmark. A dark and rainy Monday we (2) began our search for the Promised Land. But
when we were driving through Sweden something strange (3) happened.
4
(1) The verb form prepared is more likely than were preparing because the focus is on the
result, not the process.
(2) The simple form is much more likely because the focus is on the fact that they started, not
the process of beginning something.
(3) In this case something was going on (were driving – the past progressive verb form) when
something else suddenly happened. This is called framing, which means that something
happens (simple past verb form) within the “frame” of another ongoing action (were
driving – the past progressive verb form).
5
A. were sleeping:
The past progressive verb form is used her to indicate that something was going on when
something else suddenly happened (the riot squad came). This is framing, which means
that something happens (the simple past verb form used – the riot squad came) within the
“frame” of another ongoing action (were sleeping).
B. had been looking:
The past perfect (had been) is here combined with the progressive (be + looking) to focus
on the ongoing process of looking through the Sitations Vacant up to the moment when
something occurred to him or her.
C. were getting:
The past progressive verb form is used to focus on the gradual and slow process of the
days getting shorter.
D. was eating:
The past progressive verb form is used here to indicate that something was going on (was
eating) when something else suddenly happened (a car crashed through the front window).
This is framing, which means that something happened (the simple past verb form used –
the car crashed) within the “frame” of another ongoing action (was eating).
B12
1
1: can
15
2: may
3: have to
4: will
5: would
6: can
7: will
8: may
9: will
10: may
11: Can
12: should
13: will
14: have to
15: may
16: mustn’t
17: should
18: will
19: will
20: could
21: will
22: can
2
Suggestion:
A. She can’t/cannot come tonight.
B. May (Can: less formal) ) I leave the table(, please)? (May I be excused?)
C. That must be completely wrong.
D. You should (ought to) listen to your mother.
E. They will come/arrive tomorrow. (They are coming tomorrow.)
F. She was just/only going to the bathroom first.
G. That can’t/cannot be possible!
H. There must be a monster under the bed.
3
Conversation 1
A: You must have had a good time with Stephanie last night! So, did you get a good-night
kiss from her? (Used to express high degree of certainty.)
B: Almost. Her lips said, “No, no, no!” but her eyes said, “Yes, yes, yes. ”
C: So what happened?
B: Her elbow said, “You should have listened to my lips.” (Used to say that something would
have been wise to do.)
A: Did you ask her, “Would you mind if I kissed you?” (Used to ask a polite question.)
B: No, I didn't. I didn't have to ask her, because I thought she might have allowed a kiss.
(Used to express that it is possible that something could happen.)
C: I see. She might have been waiting for a romantic atmosphere when you kissed her. (Used
to express possibility.)
B: But I don't know. What should I do? (Used to ask about what is would be wise to do.)
A: You can recite her favorite poem. (Used to express a possibility.) Then she will be
impressed. (Used to express a high degree of certainty.)
16
B: OK. I will try that next time. Thanks! (Used to express that somebody plans to do
something in the future.)
Conversation 2
A: What are you doing?
B: I'm waiting for Jim, but he hasn't come yet.
A: Don't worry. Jim should be coming soon. (Used to express a medium degree of certainty.)
B: I hope so. I should have called Jim and made sure of the meeting time last night. (Used to
say that something would have been wise to do.)
A: You ought to call him right now. I know his cell phone number. (Used to express that it is
more or less an obligation to do this – or that this is the wise thing to do.)
B: Could I ask you what it is? (Used to ask a question which is neutral on a scale of formality
and politeness; “can” would be less formal; “may” would be more formal)
A: Sure. It's 345-6789.
B: By the way, where are you going?
A: I'm going to Rosewood, located on Green. I'm going to take a guitar lesson. How about
you?
B: We are supposed to go to the Assembly Hall to watch an Illinois basketball game.
A: Oh! The game has begun already. And Jim should have arrived at the Assembly Hall by
now. (Used to express medium degree of certainty.) Maybe you misunderstood the meeting
time and place. You'd better go to the Assembly Hall immediately; otherwise, you won’t be
able to watch the game. (Used to say something about the future.)
B: Oh my God! Thank you. It has been nice talking to you. See you.
4
A1 means that the speaker says what he or she intends or offers to do, namely to do the
washing-up. A2 means that the speaker feels that the washing-up really needs to be done, or
that somebody has ordered this person to do the washing-up.
B1 means that there is a weak possibility that Voldemort will return, but quite uncertain. B2
means that Voldemort really is going to return.
C1 means that somebody is ordered to be quiet, whereas C2 means that somebody makes a
judgment about somebody and concludes that this person is very likely to be stupid (strong
certainty).
D1 means that is quite uncertain whether it will be fun or not, whereas D2 means that it is
quite certain that it will be fun.
E1 means that somebody gives permission to leave, whereas E2 means that somebody says
that it would be wise to leave now.
B13
1
A. Britain was invaded by the Vikings.
B. The town of Jorvik was established by Vikings from Denmark and Norway.
C. In Viking society, all the household jobs were done by women.
D. Other tasks were carried out by the men
17
E. The parents were helped with the farm by the(ir) children.
2
Not that long ago joy wasn't considered serious enough to study by psychologists. People
with depression or other mental illnesses were helped by these scientists. However, happiness
was not considered a scientific topic. But today, happiness is a hot subject of research. As
part of a growing field called positive psychology, more and more researchers are looking for
ways to help people become happier, even if they don't feel depressed to begin with. And
there are plenty of reasons why happiness is a worthy goal.
Not long ago psychologists didn’t consider joy serious enough to study. These scientists
helped people with depression or other mental illnesses.
3
A. Kings ruled most Viking countries.
B. The Vikings worshipped the gods Odin and Thor.
C. In Viking society, people celebrated weddings, funerals and religious festivals with a big
feast for many guests.
D. The Vikings (People in Viking society) sometimes held sports competitions like wrestling,
athletics, or fencing at feasts.
E. The Vikings (The Scandinavians) built Viking ships of wood and made them waterproof
with tar from pine trees.
4
Last week, five lions were reported to have been electrocuted near Gir National Park in the
western state of Gujarat. (We do not know who reported this, and general subjects such as
“people” seem unnatural. Consequently, it is not possible to turn this into an active
sentence.) The authorities said an electrified fence that a man from the village had put up
illegally to protect his farm killed the lions. (The original passive construction is better
because the longest or “heaviest” element then comes at the end; see A3).
India's north-eastern states of Assam and Meghalaya have the world's largest
concentration of wild Asiatic elephants, with nearly 7,000 of them at large.
Apart from electrocution, angry villagers poisoned elephants in Assam. Elephants also
trampled hundreds of villagers to death. (The passive version is better in both of these
sentences because they start with given information and end with new information.)
North-east India falls in the great elephant corridor that stretches from northern
Thailand to the foothills of Bhutan – a corridor Asian elephants use to move back and forth in
search of food. Too many people in this corridor, particularly in Assam, has led to intense
man-animal conflicts.
5
A.
In general, we tend to focus more on the last part of a sentence. For that reason these passive
sentences have somewhat more focus on the “doer(s)” of the action than the active sentences.
The change from passive to active can also make these sentences fit less nicely into the text
because of the distribution of given and new information.
B.
On this list of genres passive constructions are more common in science reports and factual
texts about historical events. First of all, passive constructions are used more frequently in
18
more formal and written genres such as these types of texts. Secondly, passive constructions
are often used in such texts because the agent(s) (or doer(s) of the action) often are unknown,
irrelevant or not necessary to mention. The personal blog is an informal genre where we do
not expect many passives. News reports tend to be highly concerned with the doers of actions,
so that the active voice fits better. Instruction manuals tend to have their verbs in the
imperative (thus with no subject at all), or in the active with you as a subject.
B14
2
A: will give
B: leaves
C: am doing / am going to do
D: are about to / are buying
E: will get / is going to get / is getting
4
A. I’m going to play golf with Mary on Friday. (Better because this is planned for the near
future.)
B. I just checked the weather forecast. It is going to rain. (Better because this is likely to
happen in the near future. “It will rain” is possible if the weather forecast did not say
when it would start raining.)
C. Tina is going to have a baby. (Better because this is very likely to happen in a certain time
period. “Tina will have a baby” is possible if we talk about Tina’s likely future, and she is
not pregnant.)
D. The boat arrives at 10 p.m. (Better when something is scheduled to happen.)
E. They have lost a lot of money, so they will be selling (will sell) their stocks within a few
days. (Both are possible, but “will be selling” is more neutral as regards their wish to sell
the stocks.)
F. The deadline is tonight. Sheila is about to (is going to) make a decision. (Both are
possible, but the expression “is about to” is more likely because it is typically used about
the near future.)
5
Chelsea name Grant as new manager
Chelsea have confirmed that Avram Grant has replaced Jose Mourinho as the new manager
at Stamford Bridge.
The Israeli, who was the club's director of football, will take (“will be taking” would be
possible since this does not seem to be something Grant necessarily wanted to do) charge
alongside Steve Clarke. BBC Sport revealed the news on Thursday morning as Mourinho said
an emotional farewell to players at the club's training ground in Cobham, Surrey.
The statement added: "In Steve we have a Chelsea man and he will be (“is going to
be” would be possible, but less likely because it would give the impression that they plan or
foresee future success, which can be difficult to do) a crucial part of the management team
going forward. Avram and Steve have our full confidence and support."
Grant and Clarke took their first training session on Thursday and they were joined by
club owner Roman Abramovich at Cobham.
19
Manchester City boss Sven-Goran Eriksson is a friend of Grant's and backed him to
make the step up to the manager's position.
"I think he's ready for the job," said Eriksson. "It's a big job of course and whether he
will do it better than Jose Mourinho I don't know, but I will call (“am going to call” would be
possible because the action is planned in the near future) him later and wish him good luck.”
In contrast former Chelsea player Pat Nevin believes the appointment will only be a
(“is going to be” would be possible because it indicates that Pat Nevin is very certain about
this outcome in the near future) short-term option.
"It's an absolute certainty to be a short-term measure because they can't get the man
they want," he told BBC 5Live.
"And the man I'm sure they want is (Russia manager) Guus Hiddink. He's not going to
be (“will not be” is a neutral alternative”) available until Russia are out of the competition at
the Euros in 2008. Avram Grant is going to be (“will be” is a neutral alternative) as welcome
as Camilla at Diana's memorial. This guy is not well-loved at Chelsea. He is not going to
last." (“will not last” is a more neutral, less pre-determined, alternative)
Another former Chelsea player Gavin Peacock agreed with Nevin and said Grant
would need to work hard to maintain team morale.
"I think the heart of the team will be affected (“is going to be affected” is possible, but
it can make the prediction even stronger) by Mourinho's departure. It will be (“is going to
be” is possible, but it can make the prediction even stronger) very difficult to get the team
spirit that Mourinho managed to manufacture very quickly at Chelsea."
B15
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
1: arguing
2: to risk
3: asking
4: to help
5: to fight
6: playing (often more general: took it up as a hobby) / to play (more concrete: there and
then)
G. 7: painting
2
Suggestion:
A. He was really worried that they would lose.
B. We asked him what went wrong.
C. She hates playing (to play) tennis.
D. They have been thinking about/of buying a new house.
E. We continued to play (playing) football/soccer. / We kept playing …
F. He considered staying longer.
3
A. Tony was the only one doing what he was supposed to.
B. Having breakfast before going to school is a necessity.
C. Being ill, he didn’t really follow what was said.
D. Having done their homework, they went to see some friends.
E. I started to laugh when I saw the car approaching.
20
4
A. The girl who/that answered the phone sounds as if she has a cold.
B. Large numbers of tourists visited Ayers Rock and climbed it using a rope-and-pole path
which/that is drilled into the side of the rock.
C. The rock, which is now called by its traditional name, Uluru, has spiritual significance
for the Anangu people.
D. Butch Varno met a football player from Middlebury College who/that was named Roger
Ralph.
E. The V8 powered Corvettes could out-run imported sports cars which/that cost several
times as much.
F. The novel Piece of my Heart, which was written by Peter Robinson, is very exciting.
G. Trains which/that run between Edinburgh and Glasgow normally take about an hour.
5
The British Government wants to introduce a £224 million “Children’s Index”, a massive
database of every child in the country, (1D:) registering progress from birth to adulthood and
flagging up “concerns” about each child’s development.
Not surprisingly, Parliament's Information Commissioner, in a report last week, was
highly critical of the scheme. “Government policy proposes treating all parents as if they
cannot be trusted (2G:) to bring up their children,” the report said. Increasingly, this is just
(3I:) what the Government and health campaigners believe.
These health campaigners are telling us that British children – and their parents – must
be slimmed down because we, like much of the developed world, are in the grip of an obesity
epidemic (4F:) threatening a health catastrophe. Indeed, the US surgeon general has claimed
that obesity is “a greater threat than weapons of mass destruction”. The media has picked up
on the scares, (5H:) turning them into a kind of truth. For instance, the term “childhood
obesity” occurred only twice in The Guardian in 1999. In 2004, it occurred 201 times, almost
four times a week. The public have become convinced (6E:) that the “epidemic” is a fact.
Yet the obesity epidemic is a myth (7C:) manufactured by public health officials along
with special-interest lobbyists. These crusaders preach a sermon consisting of four obesity
myths: that we and our children are fat; that (8A:) being fat is a certain recipe for early death;
and that we will lengthen our lives (9B:) if only we eat less and lose weight. The trouble is,
there is no scientific evidence to support these myths.
B16
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
I didn’t make a single mistake.
I haven’t made a single mistake.
Paul doesn’t live in New York.
Paul doesn’t have (haven’t got) an apartment in New York.
Donna isn’t a singer.
Donna doesn’t work as a singer.
Charlie doesn’t want to be a doctor.
You can’t (cannot) come in.
I wouldn’t think so.
2
21
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
3
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Can they swim?
Did they swim across the lake?
Was he going to tell you about it?
Will Bobby be easy to talk to?
Would Anne have made it to the top?
Are the neighbours coming to my party?
Must we stay at home tomorrow?
Looking at pictures is an important part of our lives. (A)
When we are young we look at the pictures in storybooks. (A)
We don’t even think about them as created images. (N)
However, it is not always easy to go from these pictures to the ones that hang in galleries.
(N)
So why do many of us develop an affection for such places? (Q)
The first steps into a museum may be a little daunting. (A)
As with people you may like or dislike pictures before you know much about them. (A)
Have you ever felt you recognized a picture the first time you saw it? (Q)
Maybe it was because you recognize the feeling that inspired the artist. (A)
4
Hanging out on the Internet
Most students today assume that a Google search is the first choice for gathering information,
that MySpace is the model for creating online content, and that multitasking with various
electronic devices is the traditional way to do class work. (affirmative) (1:) Is the Internet
becoming a problem for our children’s education? (interrogative) Unlike my generation,
which tends to use MySpace to keep in touch with friends across the world, the generation of
students I teach uses MySpace as a locker break. (affirmative) MySpace is filled with
profanity, dangerously personal information, and sexually explicit pictures. (affirmative)
Usually these posts are riddled with misspellings and grammatical errors. (affirmative) But
the message is clear: Anything goes. (affirmative) (2:) Do we think this is okay?
(interrogative)
Suggestion for rewriting the interrogative sentences:
1: The Internet may be about become a problem for our children’s education. (affirmative)
2: We should not accept that this is okay. (negative)
By rewriting the interrogative sentences the text becomes somewhat less engaging.
Interrogative sentences are often used as a rhetorical tool or language device to get the
attention of the readers. The reason is that the readers are “forced” to think about the answer.
B17
1
A. She asked whether/if she was the only one paying attention.
B. I thought (that) that (this) sounded pretty cool.
C. She said that she then (now) had friends in 15 or 16 different countries.
2
22
A. Shirley asked:(,) “Will this thing work at all?” / “Will this thing work at all?” Shirley
asked (asked Shirley).
B. Tim said: (,) “He arrives late this evening.” / “He arrives late this evening,” Tim said (said
Tim).
C. She asked in an angry voice: (,) “Have you met him.” / “Have you met him,” she asked in
an angry voice.
3
Suggestion, direct speech:
Linda said with some trepidation: “Willy!”
Willy said: “It’s all right. I came back.”
Linda asked: “Why? What happened? – Did something happen, Willy?”
Willy answered: “No, nothing happened.”
Linda asked: “You didn’t smash the car, did you?”
Willy answered with casual irritation: “I said nothing happened. Didn’t you hear me?”
Linda said: “Don’t you feel well?”
Willy said: “I’m tired to the death.”
Suggestion, indirect speech:
Linda called his name. Willy answered. He said that it was all right and that he had come
back. Linda asked Willy if something had happened. Willy replied/said that nothing had
happened.
Linda then asked whether he had smashed the car. Willy answered with casual irritation that
nothing had happened. He wondered whether she hadn’t heard him answering the question.
Linda asked him whether he was feeling well, and Willy said/admitted (that) he was tired to
death.
4
The world has changed in one young woman’s eyes. Now 17 years old, Angie Volk said that
her year-long exchange to Denmark, facilitated through the Hinton Rotary Club, has
expanded and reformed her views on how life can be lived.
Volk said that she could talk for hours about her Danish experience and she cannot
wait to go back. She said the liberal, relaxed attitudes characterize the country’s culture as a
base for personal growth.
“I learned so much because I was away and so independent,” she said.
Volk said that in her adopted hometown of Slagelse, with its population of 34,000,
violence was a rare occurrence. She remembered reading about only one violent incident in
the local newspaper. This beating actually shocked the community because crime is so rare,
she said.
5
Suggestion:
The world has changed in one young woman’s eyes. Now 17 years old, Angie Volk felt that
her year-long exchange to Denmark, facilitated through the Hinton Rotary Club, has
expanded and reformed her views on how life can be lived.
Volk revealed that she could talk for hours about her Danish experience and she
cannot wait to go back. She thought the liberal, relaxed attitudes characterize the country’s
culture as a base for personal growth.
“I learned so much because I was away and so independent,” she stated.
23
Volk reported that in her adopted hometown of Slagelse, with its population of
34,000, violence was a rare occurrence. She remembered reading about only one violent
incident in the local newspaper. This beating actually shocked the community because crime
is so rare, she claimed.
(Other verbs which may be used are admit, remember, argue. Note that if tell is used, an
indirect object has to be added, for instance: Volk tells us that in her adopted hometown of
Slagelse …)
6
Suggestion:
The world has changed in one young woman’s eyes. Now 17 years old, Angie Volk said: “My
year-long exchange to Denmark, facilitated through the Hinton Rotary Club, has expanded
and reformed my views on how life can be lived.”
“I can talk for hours about my Danish experience and I cannot wait to go back”, she
revealed. She continued: “The liberal, relaxed attitudes characterize the country’s culture as a
base for personal growth.”
“I learned so much because I was away and so independent,” she said. “In my adopted
hometown of Slagelse, with its population of 34,000, violence was a rare occurrence”. She
remembered: “I was reading about only one violent incident in the local newspaper”. “This
beating actually shocked the community because crime is so rare”, she said.
The pronouns are changed into first person pronouns, such as “I”. The verbs are sometimes
changed, for instance could → can, but in this text many of the verbs are not changed because
Angie Volk refers to events in the past.
B18
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
1: the
2: There
3: is
4: delicious
5: is
6: are
7: carefully
8: is
9: any
10: is
11: are
2
A few weeks later I was in the changing-rooms, getting dressed after a training session. I’d
kind of got (I had become) used to getting changed in front of the others now, and I didn’t
feel uncomfortable sitting there in my sports bra and shorts next to Jules, while I took off my
boots.
“Is that right then, Jess?” Charlie, the goalie (goalkeeper), asked me as she towelled
her hair dry. “Your parents have no idea you’ve been playing all this time?”
24
I shrugged. “Nah, (no) they haven’t.” Now that I felt more comfortable around the
other girls, I’d let them in on my little secret.
“Where do they think you are, then?” Mel asked.
“At work.” I pulled off one of my boots. “They think I’ve got (I have) a summer job at
HMV.”
“Blimey.” (This is a very mild, but low-class, swearword. In more formal English it
would simply be taken out, or it might be replaced by something like “Gosh”.) Mel
loooked a bit startled. “That’s not on.” (You must be joking / That can’t be true.)
“Indian girls aren’t supposed to play football,” I explained helpfully.
“That’s a bit backward, innit (isn’t it)?” Mel remarked, picking up her towel.
“Yeah, but it ain’t (isn’t) just an Indian thing, is it?” Jules cut in. “I mean, how many
people come out to support us?”
3
In 2000 it there was a sixteen-year-old girl from London who wanted to make music and sing
it. Her name was Laura William. From (the day) she was born she had always loved music,
and when she was thirteen years old she had wrote written songs which was were about her
own life for several years allready already. (They were) All about love and grief, hate,
happiness and other things she belived believed was important. She had sent her last latest
song to a recording studio, hoping they (liked) would like it.
Day after day went past, but Laura didn’t hear something anything from the recording
studio. Laura knew it was one of the worlds world’s greatest studio studios, but after a month
Laura didn’t wanted want to wait more anymore , so she choosed chose to put all (of) her
songs away.
But a week later Laura fined found a letter from the recording studio in hers her letter
box. They wanted to hear Laura in the studio [NO COMMA] before they determine made up
their mind (decided/determined what to do), and three days later Laura went down to the
recording studio [NO COMMA] and ask asked for the boss. The secretary asked Laura to
wait because the boss was in a meeting. After ten minutes the secretary said Laura could just
go in. When Laura went into the office she meet met the boss of the recording studio and
some other men. The boss, his name was Peter, said they loved the song Laura had sent. They
hoped to make a record of with Laura [NO COMMA] because the song could be on the hits
top 40 list (hit list).
4
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
1: the – The definite article is used with musical instruments.
2: There – Existential there; the man is to be found outside.
3: is – Words such as everybody, nobody, anybody, etc. take verbs in the singular.
4: delicious – We use an adjective after verbs such as be, seem, sound, look, etc.
5: is – News is an uncountable noun; only possible with a singular verb.
6: are – The noun police is a plural-only noun, which means that it can only be used with a
plural verb.
7: carefully – An adverb is necessary because carefully modifies the verb.
8: is – The singular form of the verb is correct because sugar is an uncountable noun.
9: any – In negative sentences (as well as interrogative sentences) any is the natural
choice.
10: is – The noun furniture is uncountable.
11: are – The noun jeans is a plural-only noun, which means that it can only be used with
a plural verb.
25
5
1: a – In English the indefinite article is used when people are characterized, as in this case
with age.
2: at/on
3: foolish – Adjectives are used after verb such as be, become, sound and feel.
4: safer
5: was – The verb in the singular is needed because the verb refers back to the East Village.
6: are pushed – This is a passive construction, which means that an auxiliary verb and the past
participle (-ed) are needed.
7: live – A simple verb form is typically used with stative (or non-action) verbs such as live.
8: overwhelmingly – Only an adverb can be used to modify the adjective positive like this.
6
In A1 the person in question wants to have a friend he or she will be able to talk to, whereas
in A2 the person in question wants a friend who has the ability to speak.
In B1 the two books were amazing, whereas in B2 it was amazing that he read two books.
In C1 only the youngsters who liked football came to the match. In C2 all the youngsters
came to the match, and all the youngsters also liked football.
In D1 the person in question knows the doctor who owns the car which had crashed. We don’t
know who the driver is. In D2 the person in question knew the doctor who had crashed his
own car.
In E1 a picture shows a picture of an anonymous dog which is served food on a silver plate.
The point of showing the picture is the silver plate, and the use of which indicates that the dog
in the picture is unknown to the speaker. In E2 the point is to show a picture of the dog. In
addition we are informed that the dog gets his food served. The use of who indicates that there
is a personal relationship between the speaker and the dog.
26