Download History 2 Reading THE 301 Church History II (XT203)

THE 301
Church History II
Day 01
At a glace:
Did you pre-read your Bible Sections?
Take Quiz 0
Learn Tablet
Review the Objectives
Watch a piece of the Luther movie
Lecture: Reasons for the Reformation
Practice Test
Homework:
Read Faculty Guide Lesson 1
Read Esther (All)
Write: Questions 8, 9, and 10 (red)
Write: Practice Quiz (blue)
Do not rewrite questions unless you want to!
Lesson 1:
Objectives:
1. What was the intellectual and cultural climate of
Europe on the eve of the Reformation? Was it
conducive for religious reform?
2. How did the political and economic situation in
Europe—including trade with Asia—contribute to
the Reformation?
3. Was the Catholic Church capable of reform from
within? Was a schism necessary? On this topic,
compare the views of Protestant and Roman
Catholic historians.
4. What are the similarities and differences
between Renaissance humanism and other
forms of humanism present in our times?
5. We Protestants place a high premium on the
individual privilege and responsibility of reading,
studying, and interpreting Scripture. How can we
effectively facilitate this in our places of service?
6. What are some potential dangers resulting from
taking this view to an extreme?
7. Erasmus sought to get “back to the source,” that
is Jesus, primarily through a study of the
revealed Word of God. What is a healthy way of
viewing the relationship between the Written
Word (Scriptures) and the Living Word (Jesus
Christ)? How do we avoid “bibliolatry” or worship
of the Bible?
8. Discipleship: Many believed so strongly that they
were willing to die for their belief. Many were
burned at the stake so that you could read a
Bible in your own language - how do you feel
about that? How do you think the Lord feels
about that?
9. Discipleship: Is it really that important to read the
Bible? Why and why not? From today's lecture,
was there any proof one way or the other?
10. Leadership: If you have division in the church, is
splitting the easiest way? From today's lecture,
what would you say about splitting up a church?
Any ideas on how to avoid a split in the first
place?
Lesson 1:
Vocabulary List:
Catholicism
Actually a complicated term, but most often seen
as all of the churches that are "in full
communion" with the Bishop of Rome. The term
"catholic" (small "c") actually just means
"universal" or "everyone." Catholicism is often
represented "in its particular understanding and
commitment to tradition, the sacraments, the
mediation between God, communion, and the
See of Rome."
Middle Ages
In European history, the Middle Ages, or
Medieval period, lasted from the 5th to the 15th
century. It began with the collapse of the
Western Roman Empire and merged into the
early modern period. The Middle Ages is the
middle period of the traditional division of
Western history into Antiquity, Medieval, and
Modern periods. The period is subdivided into
the Early, the High, and the Late Middle Ages.
Peasants
Also known as "serfs" during the Middle Ages,
these people usually rented or were bound to
the land and had to give large offerings to the
land-lords for protection. Usually very poor, their
position improved greatly after the black death
killed 1/3 of the population and food became
more important. Prices went up and those who
knew how to farm became more valuable to
society.
Middle Class
Businessmen, merchants, guild members, city
workers, and others who did not directly have a
lord over them. These people became wealthy
with the rise of cities and capitalism during the
Middle Ages.
Missionaries
People that live out Christian lives (personal
devotion, evangelism, discipleship, etc.) in a
cross-cultural context. The Roman Catholic
Church has always had the strongest missionary
movements of any denomination.
Divine Right philosophy
The divine right of kings, or divine-right theory of
kingship, is a political and religious doctrine of
royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a
monarch is subject to no earthly authority,
deriving the right to rule directly from the will of
God. The king is thus not subject to the will of
his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate
of the realm, including (in the view of some,
especially in Protestant countries) the Church.
According to this doctrine, only God can judge
an unjust king. The doctrine implies that any
attempt to depose the king or to restrict his
powers runs contrary to the will of God and may
constitute a sacrilegious act.
Holy Roman Empire
A large section of central Europe loosely
organized with an elected Emperor. At some
points it was powerfully united to fight Islam, at
other points it was very divided. A French man
named Voltaire said: "This [group] which was
called and which still calls itself the Holy Roman
Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an
empire."
Renaissance
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that
profoundly affected European intellectual life in
the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and
spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th
century, its influence was felt in literature,
philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion,
and other aspects of intellectual inquiry.
Renaissance scholars employed the humanist
method in study, and searched for realism and
human emotion in art.
Humanism
Humanism is a group of philosophies and ethical
perspectives which emphasize the value and
agency of human beings, individually and
collectively, and generally prefers individual
thought and evidence (rationalism, empiricism)
over established doctrine or faith (fideism).
Papal States
The Papal States were territories in the Italian
peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the
Pope, from the 500s until 1870.
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was the schism
within Western Christianity initiated by John
Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Martin Luther, John Calvin,
and other early Protestants. It was sparked by
the 1517 posting of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses.
The efforts of the self-described "reformers",
who objected to ("protested") the doctrines,
rituals, leadership, and ecclesiastical structure of
the Roman Catholic Church, led to the creation
of new national Protestant churches. The
Reformation was precipitated by earlier events
within Europe, such as the Black Death and the
Western Schism, which eroded people's faith in
the Catholic Church and the Papacy that
governed it. This, as well as many other factors,
such as spread of Renaissance ideas, the
spread of the printing press, and the fall of the
Eastern Roman Empire, contributed to the
creation of Protestantism.
Sola Fide
Martin Luther and Protestant philosophy that you
are "Saved by Faith alone." The Catholic church
believes that faith and works are needed for
salvation. What do you believe?
Sola Scriptura
Reformers like Luther, Zwingli, etc., believed
that the Bible is the only inspired and
authoritative word of God, is the only source for
Christian doctrine, and is accessible to all. That
the Bible requires no interpretation outside of
itself is considered in direct opposition to the
teachings of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental
Orthodox, Coptic, Anglo-Catholic, and Roman
Catholic traditions, which teach that the Bible
can be authentically interpreted only by apostolic
or sacred Tradition. In the Catholic Church, this
teaching authority is referred to as the
"Magisterium," understood to be embodied in
the episcopacy (all of the current bishops in
union with the pope). Sola Scriptura reduces
the wall between clergy and laity, and is a
foundation of the Protestant movement.
Protestantism
one of the major divisions within Christianity. It
has been defined as "any of several church
denominations denying the universal authority of
the Pope and affirming the Reformation
principles of justification by faith alone, the
priesthood of all believers, and the primacy of
the Bible as the only source of revealed truth"
and, more broadly, to mean Christianity outside
"of an Orthodox or Catholic church."
Jon Hus
a Czech priest, philosopher, reformer, and
master at Charles University in Prague. After
John Wycliffe, the theorist of ecclesiastical
Reformation, Hus is considered the first Church
reformer, as he lived before Luther, Calvin, and
Zwingli.
He was burned at the stake for heresy against
the doctrines of the Catholic Church, including
those on ecclesiology, the Eucharist, and other
theological topics.
Desiderius Erasmus
Augustinian monk, made current system of
Greek pronunciation and learning, write "The
Praise of Folly" - criticizing monasticism and
corruption in the church.
He wanted to reform the church but wanted to
stay inside the church - no splitting.
Martin Luther
Augustinian monk, made Bible translation into
German. Wrote 95 Theses criticizing those who
believed you could buy your way to Heaven, and
corruption in the church. He was willing to
disobey church authorities if he considered them
unbiblical. This led to his being kicked out of the
church, but many shared his protest and
followed him, leading to the Protestant
movement. Benefits of this movement are a
"back to the Bible" philosophy. Disadvantages
are that people today are more willing to divide
churches than to come together around
important doctrines.
John Calvin
French theologian that moved to Switzerland
and lived out this new Protestant movement in
Geneva. He also write Commentaries creating a
systematic theology of reformation doctrines
(sola fide, sola scriptura, etc.)
Huldrych Zwingli
Swiss theologian taught at the same time as
Luther, and much the same things as Luther.
John Knox
John Knox (c. 1514 – 24 November 1572) was a
Scottish clergyman and a leader of the
Protestant Reformation who is considered the
founder of the Presbyterian denomination in
Scotland.
Thomas More - Utopia
Sir Thomas More (/ˈmɔr/; 7 February 1478 – 6
July 1535), known to Roman Catholics as Saint
Thomas More since 1935,[1][2] was an English
lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman,
and noted Renaissance humanist. He was an
important councillor to Henry VIII of England and
Lord Chancellor from October 1529 to 16 May
1532.[3] More opposed the Protestant
Reformation, in particular the theology of Martin
Luther and William Tyndale, whose books he
burned and followers he persecuted. More also
wrote Utopia, published in 1516, about the
political system of an ideal and imaginary island
nation. More later opposed the King's separation
from the Roman Catholic Church and refused to
accept him as Supreme Head of the Church of
England, because such disparaged Papal
Authority and Henry’s marriage to Catherine of
Aragon. Tried for treason, More was convicted
on perjured testimony and beheaded.
Anabaptists
A group of protestants. The name Anabaptist is
derived from the Greek term anabaptista, or
"one who baptizes over again." This name was
given them by their enemies in reference to the
practice of "re-baptizing" converts who "already
had been baptized" (or sprinkled) as infants.[5]
Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates
be able to make their own confessions of faith
and so rejected baptism of infants.
Lutheranism
Lutheranism advocates a doctrine of justification
"by grace alone through faith alone because of
Christ alone," which went against the Roman
view of "faith formed by love" or "faith and
works". Unlike the Reformed Churches,
Lutherans retain a high respect for the authority
of the Church Fathers, as well as many of the
liturgical practices and sacramental teachings of
the pre-Reformation Church, with a particular
emphasis on the Eucharist, or Lord's Supper.
Presbyterianism
Presbyterianism is a branch of Reformed
Protestantism which traces its origins to the
British Isles. Presbyterian churches derive their
name from the presbyterian form of church
government, which is government by
representative assemblies of elders. Many
Reformed churches are organized this way, but
the word "Presbyterian," when capitalized, is
often applied uniquely to the churches which
trace their roots to the Scottish and English
churches that bore that name and English
political groups that formed during the Civil
War.[2] Presbyterian theology typically
emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the
authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of
grace through faith in Christ.
Anglicanism
Anglicanism forms one of the branches of
Western Christianity; having definitively declared
its independence from the Roman pontiff at the
time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, in
what has been otherwise termed the British
monachism. Many of the new Anglican beliefs of
the mid-16th century corresponded closely to
those of contemporary Reformed Protestantism
and these reforms in the Church of England
were understood by one of those most
responsible for them, the Archbishop of
Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, as navigating a
middle way between two of the emerging
Protestant traditions, namely Lutheranism and
Calvinism.
Council of Trent
The Council of Trent (ca. 1563), delayed and
interrupted several times because of political or
religious disagreements, was a major reform
council; it was an embodiment of the ideals of
the Counter-Reformation. The Council issued
condemnations on what it defined as Protestant
heresies at the time of the Reformation and
defined Church teachings in the areas of
Scripture and Tradition, Original Sin,
Justification, Sacraments, the Eucharist in Holy
Mass and the veneration of saints.
Counter Reformation
The Counter-Reformation (also the Catholic
Revival[1] or Catholic Reformation) was the
period of Catholic revival beginning with the
Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the
close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), which is
sometimes considered a response to the
Protestant Reformation. The CounterReformation was a comprehensive effort
composed of four major elements: (1)
Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration, (2)
Religious orders, (3) Spiritual movements, (4)
Political dimensions
Jesuits
The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu, S.J.,
SJ or SI) is a Christian male religious order of
the Roman Catholic Church. The members are
called Jesuits. The society is engaged in
evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112
nations on six continents. Jesuits work in
education (founding schools, colleges,
universities and seminaries), intellectual
research, and cultural pursuits.
Inquisition
The Inquisition was a group of institutions within
the judicial system of the Roman Catholic
Church whose aim was to combat heresy. It
started in 12th-century France to combat the
spread of religious sectarianism (splits and
"denominations").
At the end of the Middle Ages, the concept and
scope of the Inquisition was significantly
expanded, now in the historical context of the
turmoils of the Protestant Reformation and the
Catholic Counter-Reformation. Its geographic
scope was expanded to other European
countries, as well as throughout the Spanish and
Portuguese empires in the Americas, Asia and
Africa. Its focus now came to include the
persecution of sorcery (an aspect almost entirely
absent from the Medieval Inquisition), making it
one of the agents in the Early Modern witchhunts.
Social factors leading to the Reformation
Rise in the importance of philosophers that
taught of human abilities to discover
Science, Astronomy, Anatomy, Chemistry because God is orderly, we can follow His order
and therefore live at greater harmony and
understanding with His Universe
University = many disciplines coming together
and pointing to God - the great ordered One.
Economic factors leading to the Reformation
Riches from new world giving more freedom to
"middle class" people
More freedom = to think, to study, to
break away
Perhaps contributes to the "conciliar
movement" seeking more democratic
and less authoritarian/controlled from the
top.
Political factors leading to the Reformation
Italy became less important as Spain and
Portugal became rich.
Geographic factors leading to the Reformation
Islamic influence decreased in the West,
increased in the East
Made Germany more important
Forced Popes not to deal with a heavy
hand to upset the Germans
Probably gave Luther some room to start
the Reformation
Germany = remote, England / Spain / Portugal /
France / Italy not so
Cultural factors leading to the Reformation
Rise in the appreciation of the arts led to focus
on externals
Paintings / Cathedrals / Sculpture /
Poor understanding of the Bible led to practices
focused on creation of wealth rather than
internal transformation of the heart.
Indulgences
Selling of church positions
Church land holdings
Priests being exempt from regular laws made
people feel less respect for religious leadership
No one able to be critical of leadership actions
led to corruption and decreased morality.
Objectives from COS Modules:
1. What was the intellectual and cultural climate of
Europe on the eve of the Reformation? Was it
conducive for religious reform?
2. How did the political and economic situation in
Europe—including trade with Asia—contribute to
the Reformation?
3. Was the Catholic Church capable of reform from
within? Was a schism necessary? On this topic,
compare the views of Protestant and Roman
Catholic historians.
4. What are the similarities and differences
between Renaissance humanism and other
forms of humanism present in our times?
5. We Protestants place a high premium on the
individual privilege and responsibility of reading,
studying, and interpreting Scripture. How can we
effectively facilitate this in our places of service?
6. What are some potential dangers resulting from
taking this view to an extreme?
7. Erasmus sought to get “back to the source,” that
is Jesus, primarily through a study of the
revealed Word of God. What is a healthy way of
viewing the relationship between the Written
Word (Scriptures) and the Living Word (Jesus
Christ)? How do we avoid “bibliolatry” or worship
of the Bible?
8. Discipleship 1: Many believed so strongly that
they were willing to die for their belief. Many
were burned at the stake so that you could read
a Bible in your own language - how do you feel
about that? How do you think the Lord feels
about that?
9. Discipleship 2: Is it really that important to read
the Bible? Why and why not? From today's
lecture, was there any proof one way or the
other?
10. Leadership 1: If you have division in the church,
is splitting the easiest way? From today's
lecture, what would you say about splitting up a
church? Any ideas on how to avoid a split in the
first place?
Practice Quiz 1:
Instructions: Circle the correct answer.
1. Have you read all of Esther for this class? (Every
word, every line.)
(Y) (N)
Instructions: Write "MA" if the idea is from the Middle
Ages, write "R" for Renaissance, "PR" for "Protestant
Reformation" and "CR" for Counter Reformation.
1. ________ Martin Luther was a major contributor
towards this period.
2. ________ The Catholic church realized that several
Protestant ideas were correct and tried to make things
better.
3. ________ John Knox helped keep this period going
in Scotland.
4. ________ Realistic statues, pictures, and a focus on
study of the body and natural things increased.
5. ________ Fideism was expected and followed.
6. ________ The Jesuits became active during this
period.
7. ________ A greater focus on science and humanism.
8. ________ Corruption in religious positions led to a
reaction against authority and a decreased respect for
the Papal control. That led to this period.
9. ________ Sole Scriptura was popular during this
period.
10. _______ Erasmus wanted to reform the Catholic
church from within while Zwingli and others chose to
break with the Roman Catholic Church during this
period.
Essay 1: Describe three ways that you can prove that
the Bible is important in your life.
Essay 2: Write about the top four reasons why do you
think the Catholic church split up during the Reformation
period.
Essay 3: Which denomination chose the "middle way"
and how is that related to the Nazarene Church today?
Essay 4: Describe who you think are the four most
important reformers of the Protestant Reformation.