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Note for next year: I don’t get Ampere’s law Clean up this unit- see AP objectives Magnetism This train does not roll on wheels. All its weight floats on magnets. Misc pictures to ebed later Magnetism was discovered over 2,000 years ago. The first magnets were natural rocks called lodestones. Magnetism was named for the region of Greece (Magnesia) where these rocks were found. No matter the shape, Magnets have two sides or “poles” North pole N N N South pole S S S N S N S If you break a magnet N S N S N S N S N S N S N S You could keep breaking the magnet until you were down to a single atom N S AND IT too would act as a magnet with a north and south pole. As before LIKES POLES REPEL OPPOSITE ATTRACT S N N N S S REPEL ATTRACT REPEL N S N S N S The earth is also a magnet. It has North and South Magnetic Poles (a little off from geographic poles) Compasses use a magnetized needle which points to the magnetic poles of the planet (a little off from geographic poles) N W E S Notice a compass would not work too well here. The North Pole of a magnet is the one that is attracted to the North Pole of the earth Which really means that the north magnetic pole is by definition the south pole of a magnet since they attract. (But this is just trivia). Until 1820, people thought electricity and magnetism were unrelated. Until Hans Christian Oersted made a discovery during a class. N W E S When the switch was closed and current flowed, the compass needle moved!!!! N W E S animation ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM are VERY RELATED MAGNETIC Fields are created by moving charged particles Electricity & Magnetism Similar because: Likes repel Opposites attract Electricity & Magnetism Different because: Positive and negative charges exist independent of each other P+ e- + N S N S S N YOU cannot have a N pole without a S pole t ETC Electricity & Magnetism Similar because: They both (like gravity) exert a force without contact. That really bugs me. Electricity & Magnetism Similar because: THEY BOTH CREATE FORCE FIELDS Field lines arrows run from N to S poles. Is a north pole like a + or - charge? Where is the field the strongest? Magnetic Field Strength has units of : TESLA (T) Surface of a Neutron Star Surface of a strong magnet Near earth’s magnetic poles Magnetic Field 100,000,000 10 .00005 gauss (G) is also used sometimes 1 G = 10-4 T The variable for magnetic field is B. Magnetic field lines are mapped out by using another magnet like a compass Phet magnet simulation A magnet will align itself with field lines A magnet will align itself with field lines, when the torques balance out around the needle pivot. Think back to torque, how does the large red force balance the small blue force. Why do magnetic field lines have to be mapped out with both a N and S pole? Why can’t we just put a N pole in the field and map out the net force on it like we did with electric field with a + test charge? Iron filings will trace out field lines because they become temporarily magnetized. Magnetic Fields are really 3D Magnetism originates in the motion of the electrons in iron. Spinning electrons act like tiny magnets. Almost 100 % cancellation of this effect occurs in most materials. Iron, nickel, cobalt are exceptions. Last sub-level of Fe- ferromagnetic 3d ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Zn- Non magnetic 3d ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Little regions of a ferro-magnetic material, have the unpaired electrons align image of domains (using a special method to show magnetic fields, domains are not visible even with a microscope) domains can be forced to align by a magnetic field. they will temporarily stay aligned heating or banging tends to unalign them again This is why certain materials become magnetic when touching a magnet. Because the domains align in the field (the coins must be made with Fe, Ni, or Co) S N N S S N N S N S In order for the to be an electric force between 2 objects. Both objects must have charges or induced charges. Repel - - so this is really an interaction between 2 electric fields - - - - Attract + + + + + + ++ + + - - ++ NADA electron neutron two permanent magnets repel A permanent and iron nail (an induced magnet) attract A permanent and copper wire NADA Magnet activity: things to see or try put a pencil through all 3 magnets, can you make them levitate? how does a magnet affect a compass does a compass affect another compass Place the magnet flat under the magnetic viewer Place the magnet on an edge under the magnetic viewer (How does it differ, remember you are viewing field lines) Next Topic -- Electric current produces a magnetic field If a magnet and electron are both stationary, there is no force between them. because there is only: 1 magnetic field & 1 electric field e- If the electron(s) are moving then… moving charged particles (like electricity) produce a magnetic field. FORCE eeeeeeeeeee- Magnetic Field lines around a wire carrying current. Magnetic Field Lines follow the right hand rule current Which way is current flowing? Which way would the magnetic field point inside a loop if the current is traveling in a loop? I Common convention is to use x’s (into the page) and circles (out of the page) to show magnetic fields etc…. Shouldn’t have to memorize this I Out of the “page” I Into the “page” When the wire forms a loop the field concentrates at the center. We’ll come back to this. vacuum permeability = 4p x 10-7 T m/A current (A) mo I B= 2pr distance from wire magnetic field strength around a straight wire 15 A of current flows through a wire to the left, what is the strength and direction of the magnetic field 15 cm above the wire. I 15 A of current flows through both wires below. If they are seperated by a distance of 30 cm. What will the magnetic field strength be midway between the? I I The field is strongest in the middle of the loop the more the loops the stronger the field Coils of wire are used to intensify a magnetic field within it. Which would be the north pole of the magnet? If you are just given a wire there are two ways to predict the north pole. Sorry This picture is not very clear Use the 1st right hand rule at the top of a loop. Or a very similar right hand rule for solenoids Fingers follow current, thumb points to N pole The greater the number of wraps the greater the internal field strength A better way of stating this is: the field strength increases as the density of the wraps increases. Use thin wire with thin insulation Within the coil the field strength concentrated and pretty much uniform. Outside the coil the field is weak and divergent B = m0nI current (A) field strength in the coil (T) permeability of free space # of wraps meter Charged particles which are moving in a magnetic field will feel a force What is the direction of the field between the ends of the magnet N S If a stationary proton is placed between the poles what happens? Nothing If the proton is moving. It experience a force to both the field and its motion N S Force Field Motion Fingers following magnetic field. Thumb following direction of movement palm indicates direction of force on a POSITIVE particle. Force Use left hand or opposite RH for electron! B motion of particle Applet 1 Fingers following magnetic field. Thumb following direction of movement palm indicates direction of force N S Force Field Motion This is what steers the electrons to the right pixel in a CRT TV applet TV electron beam scan rate / persistence of vision (applet) And also protects the earth from some solar radiation The force on a single moving charged particle, is it orthe outpage of thehere. page? It is in into B F = qvB sin(q) Force on object (N) Charge on object (C) Speed of object (m/s) q v 1 if Perpendicular 0 if parallel The amount of force felt by a charge particle is proportional to RATE at which is “cuts” through magnetic field lines Speed Direction of movement Location A proton feels a force of 6x10-12 N pointed to the left when it moves straight up at 45,000 m/s. What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field? If the magnetic field is into the page and the proton moves to the right, what is the direction of the force on it? F F F v Charged particle in a magnetic field applet How much work will this magnetic force do on the particle? This force can never do work on a charged particle because it is always perpendicular to motion (right hand rule). F F NONE F v But remember everything is based on ……. A mass spectrometer zaps a substance into fragment ions. These ions are then accelerated into a magnetic field where they curve at different rates based on the mass to charge ratio. It is used to determine the elemental composition of a molecule mass spec applet mass spec video Moving charged particle in a magnetic field spiral video clip. A proton is shot into a magnetic field. In what direction with the magnetic force be? In what direction should an electric field be set to keep it moving straight? FB FE + v E E How about here with an electron? Which way should the electric field point? FB FE Next topic: Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field If a wire with no current is placed in a magnetic field, which way does it get pushed? It doesn’t If the current is flowing. It experience a force to both the field and current N S Current Field Force Fingers following magnetic field. Thumb following direction of movement or current palm indicates direction of force Fingers following electric field. Thumb following direction of current palm indicates direction of force N S Current Field Force If the moving charged particles are stuck in a wire. The whole wire feels a force on it Use the right hand rule to determine the poles of the magnet. S N The force is greater if the motion (current) and field are perpendicular for reasons explained before current current less force What factors will affect the Magnitude of Force the wire feels. Amount of current Angle of wire to field Strength of magnetic Field Force of a wire carrying current by a magnetic field is B q L I F = BILSin(q) Magnetic Field (T) Current (A) Length of wire (m) 1 if Perpendicular 0 if parallel A wire is 50 cm long and carries 8.0 A through a magnetic field strength of 10 T. What is the force on it assuming it is perpendicular to the field. If the wire has a mass of 35 g, what current would be needed to levitate it? Forces between two parallel wires I I B B Two current carrying wires will either attract or repel because of the interaction of their magnetic fields I I B B But it is MUCH easier to think of 1 wire as creating the magnetic field. The other wire is just a current carrying wire in a magnetic field. Would the wires attract or repel? I I Following the right hand rule the force will be towards the other wire. ATTRACT A wire carrying 25 A of current is 5 cm from another wire carrying 35 A of current. What is the force on the 35 A wire if it is 1.3 m long (include its direction)? 25 A 35 A F = B I L Sin(q) mo I B= 2pr Who cares about forces on wires carrying current? Which way does the magnetic field point? What direction is the force on the left side of the loop? What direction is the force on the right side of the loop? S N current out current in Why doesn’t the current end of the loop generate a force? S N current out current in rotation A DC motor works very similarly but there is a problem with this motor S N current out current in Counter Clockwise rotation in out After the coil makes ½ a full rotation S N current in current out rotation out in Clockwise How this is solved is by using a commutator S N commutator The two halves are separated by an insulator each side connects to a wire. but not current flows yet…. “Brushes” make the connection from the battery to the commutator S N dc motor animation Stationary “brushes” make the connection from the battery to the commutator and keep the current going in the right direction S N The commutator and brushes keep everything turning S N dc motor animation What is the direction of the force on the right side of the loop? Left side? Top? I The loop will experience torque. I I Torque on a loop in a magnetic field. Works for any shaped flat coil. t = N I A B Sin(q) # of loops Torque (Nm) Magnetic Field Area within loop (m2) Current (A) I I view of loop from behind it What is the direction of the forces on the top and bottom What is the direction of the forces on the top and bottom torque will be... What is the direction of the forces on the top and bottom What is the direction of the forces on the top and bottom why a commutator is needed no lever arm sin(q) = 0 full lever arm sin(q) = 1 t = N I A B Sin(q) In terms of the coil and the magnetic field, you would need to look at a right angle to the coil face. no lever arm sin(q) = 0 0o full lever arm sin(q) = 1 90o t = N I A B Sin(q) This is how a ammeter works (measures current)also called a galvanometer 5 10 N 0 5 10 S with no current a spring holds the needle at zero A galvanometer or ammeter A spring resists the turning of the coil When current runs through the wire. Which way is the current flowing? 5 10 N 0 5 10 S the electromagnet twists against a spring because of the torque When the current increases so does the torque on the magnet 5 10 N 0 5 10 S so the spring stretches further. Why does the needle line up like this? (think field lines) A circular coil of wire has a diameter of 20.0 cm. The current running through the loops is 3.00 A, and the coil is placed in a uniform 2.00 T magnetic field. What is the minimum and maximum torque on the loop? minimum = 0 maximum = 1.88 N m Electromagnets can turned on or off. Just place a ferromagnetic material in a coil of wire and flow current. Which end would be the north pole? electromagnet bar magnet A ferromagnetic material inside the coil of wire is called a core. It greatly increases the magnetic field strength. You can think of all the domains lining up inside. field from coil alone B0 = m0nI field from core BM = mMnI magnetic permeability of the substance Btot = BM + B 0 material mu-metal mM Tm A mM/m0 2.5×10−2 20,000 Steel 8.8×10−4 700 Nickel 1.3×10−4 100 vacuum 1.3×10-6 1 an alloy of Ni, Cu, Fe, Mo Demo- air solenoid with cenco low voltage power supply map field using compasses draw in a piece of metal “core” A solenoid valve A sheet of metal is connected to a battery. Current flows due to the difference in voltage between the two ends - A little more realistic - If the plate of metal is place in an magnetic field, which way will the electron be pushed as if travels to the right? - As electrons flow to the right, they get pushed downward creating a negative side and a positive side. + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - If I connected a wire between the two sides, would current flow? Yes + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Because there is a voltage difference (electric potential) between the two side + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The difference in voltage on the two sides is called the HALL EFFECT. + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Why don’t all the current electrons all go to the bottom as they make across? They repel + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - + An electron traveling to the right, is mostly indistinguishable from a proton traveling to the left. Would the plate below be charged the same as above? The hall effect first revealed that it was the electrons travelling. The voltage difference max’s out when the electric force repelling the electrons is equal to the magnetic force pushing them down. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Felectric - F Which way does the electric field point? + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hall effect sensor can cheaply measure magnetic fields Moving charged particles makes a magnetic field. (electricity makes magnetism) Can the reverse be true? ABSOLUTELY!!! A wire and a magnet moving relative to each produces voltage or current. If the grey metal conductor is moved to the right, which way will the electrons be pushed? - - + The motion of the conductor through the field creates a potential / voltage difference / EMF. Very much like the hall effect. - + + + + - + + A very crude representation of charge distribution but you should get my drift + The imbalance of charge max’s out when the magnetic push is balanced by the electrostatic repulsion. - Fmag Felectric v + Magnetic force on a moving charged particle Electric Force on a charge particle F, E, q? F E= q F=qvB F=qE q E = q vd B - Fmag Felectric v + E=vB if we assume a uniform electric field (a decent approximation here) The potential difference between the two ends is the electric field x the length of the rod. V=Ed V=vBl Fmag - Felectric l v + e=vBl Emf / voltage difference due to motion (V) Speed of motion (m/s) Length of metal in field (m) As far as I can tell, voltage and emf are the same thing except that emf ignores any internal resistance. (I remember being annoyed with this in college physics) A metal bar slides over a wire, Why is the direction of current (I) in the wire? CW or CCW + How fast do you need to move 15 meters of wire perpendicular to a 8.0 tesla field to generate 120 volts. If a proton is shot through the field as shown it experiences an upward force following the right hand rule N S Force Field Motion If a wire is moved so that it moves only in the same direction as before the charged particles inside feel a force and the mobile ones move N S Force (current) Field Motion The result is electric current Fingers point to the field, Thumb points in the direction of the wire’s movement Your palm gives you the direction of conventional current If the wire is moved up, what direction is current N S Motion current Field Fingers point to the field, Thumb points in the direction of the wire’s movement Your palm gives you the direction of conventional current If the wire is moved down, what direction is current N S Field current Motion A generator is A LOT like a motor, but you put work in and get electricity out!!! Which way will current flow, if the loop is rotated as shown. S N left side of the loop For the right side of the loop Motion Field Motion current current Field Which way will current flow, if the loop is rotated as shown. S N The current is picked up by brushes and sent to your home As the wires trade places….. the current direction will flip S N current +A 0A -A +A 0A -A When the wire is moving parallel to the magnetic field, the current is the ZERO OR the faster a wire “cuts through” magnetic field lines the greater the current An AC generator Animation of AC or DC generator Faraday’s law of induction (the math behind the scenes of what we have already seen) Michal Faraday (1791 – 1867) The 3rd child of a blacksmith was “given” the most basic education…. the rest he worked for having been born lower class. He discovered relationships the really made electricity useful on a wide scale basis as well as many discoveries in chemistry. The unit of capacitance is named for him. 1st off the concept of flux. It is the rate of flow through a boundary. Think of the arrows as water… Which ring would get the most water flowing through it Phi is the variable for flux (the greek f ) F Magnetic flux is the amount of magnetic field “flowing” through something (like a loop wire) FB Magnetic flux B FB = B A Cos (q) Magnetic flux Magnetic field (T) Cos (q) = 1 B Area of “boundary” (m2) Field to loop orientation Cos (q) = 0 B What is the magnetic flux through a loop of wire forming a radius of 10 cm in an magnetic field of 3 T if it is at an angle of 45o to the field? B Don’t write this equation down yet e= DFB Dt Voltage is proportional to the rate of change in magnetic flux vs. time. (the rate at which the wire cuts through field lines)_ B B Flux Rotated by 10o Flux Where during the spin is the greatest rate of change of flux Rotated by 10o As the ring rotates around at a constant rate, the rate of change of flux is not constant. The easiest way is again, the faster the wire cuts through field lines the more current / voltage is produced. Faraday’s law of induction e= Induced EMF (Volts) DFB -N Dt Number of loops Rate of flux change The negative sign has to do with Lenz’s law which we will see coming up A loop with a radius of 7.0 cm is initially perpendicular to a 4.0 tesla field. It is rotated such that it is parallel with the field in 0.01 seconds. Determine the average emf in the coil. If there had been 10 loops? If it had rotated in 0.1 s? remember e = v B l sin (q) Emf produced by a wire moving in a magnetic field e = 2NBlv sin(q) distance from a to b number of loops v q b NN a S v Instead of moving the wire, you can move the magnet. Which direction of motion would generate the most current or N S What kind of motion of the magnet would generate the most current N S A magnet is brought closer to a loop of wire which way does the current flow in the loop? 1st draw the magnetic field 2nd pick a point that is easy to visualize direction of the field S N We haven’t learned a right hand rule for magnets moving but we have learned one for moving wires/charged particles…. The magnet moving to the right would be JUST like the coil moving to the…. S N current Field Motion S Current is into the page N As the magnet move back to the left it would be like the coil moving to the….. S N And current will flow… Current reverses!!! Field Current is out of the page Motion current S N The greater the length of wire in the changing magnetic field, the greater the current. A simple way to do this is to coil the wire. The more coils, the more effective the “generator” is. This is how a “shaker” light works. A decent one will have a lot of coils The field lines “cut” through the wire as the magnet moves A CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCES CURRENT This is called electromagnetic induction A stationary magnet and wire produce NO Voltage or CURRENT “Shaker” light. A generator produces electric voltage & current which means it makes energy? NO of course, Energy is not created or destroyed it just changes forms. A generator converts energy usually supplied by coal/gasoline into electrical energy. Phet generator applet It makes sense that moving the magnet faster (more KE), produces more electrical energy. Slower Faster More Energy IN = More Energy OUT Moving a magnet at the same speed through more coils also produces more energy HOW does that make sense with conservation of energy? It is harder to push a magnet through the middle of more coils Work (energy) = Force x Distance Pushing & Pulling the magnet, produces an electric current. A current flowing through a wire produces a….. Magnetic Field LENZ’s Law: When a moving magnetic field creates a current, that current produces a magnetic field which opposes the motion of the magnet that created it. Lenz’s law demo’s Magnetic Aluminum coins? Slowing down gravity? Lenz’s Pendulum A wire moves down through the magnetic field. In what direction will current flow? What direction will the magnetic field be around the wire? B The more current produced, the harder you have to push the magnetic to move it because the lenz magnetic field is stronger velocity force from eddy current magnetic field Magnet A magnet produces eddy currents when moving near a conductor. These eddy currents produce a magnet field which slows the magnet Applications of Lenz’s law What slows you down on Six Flags Superman Ride You know how long it takes a triple beam balance to stop moving? Not if…. A vacuum motor consists of just a lot wire coiled and with each end connected to 120 V outlet. What do you think would happen if you took lets say 100 feet of wire and put the ends into an outlet? How does the wire in a motor not short out the circuit or burn up the wire Even 200 or 300 feet of copper would only have a resistance of a few ohms meaning ~ 60 Amps of current. Needed for 60 A Motor loop wire The current through the loops is impeded not by the resistance of the wire but by a backwards voltage/emf created by the rotation of the loop. Explanation follows…… Picture a simple motor (commutator omitted for clarity) S N current out current in The magnetic field will create torque on the current carrying loop of wire as before BUT Don’t forget the wire is rotating For a second ignore the direction that the “protons” are moving in the wire due to current flow. Look at the direction a “proton” is moving movement of the now rotating wire with the wire. On the right side S Motion N Force Field On the left side Field Force Motion What direction would the force be on the proton? The rotation of the wire, creates a force a force which opposes the current in the wire. Motion S Force N current current out current in current Field Force Motion Field The force pushing back current is called Back EMF. It acts like resistance in the wire (since it is slows current). Motion S Force N current current out current in current Field Force Motion Field S N When the motor first start up, the coil is not rotating. There is no back EMF and current is briefly very BIG. Motion Back EMF current S N As the coil speeds up, back EMF increases and current slows. Motion Back EMF current S N Eventually the motor reaches a speed where the back EMF balances out with the voltage driving current and friction etc…and the motor maintains a constant speed. Motion Back EMF current S N Now the motor starts to lift something heavy, which causes its Speed to … Back EMF… Current to… Motion Back EMF current Why will a motor that gets jammed trip a breaker? The amount of back EMF is proportional to the speed at which the motor rotates Motion back EMF Field Motor starts up, no movement initially. No motion or back EMF. Large current. current Motion back EMF Field current Motion back EMF Motor spins up. Speed and back EMF Increase. Current Decreases Field current Under no load the motor will reach a maximum speed, when the Back EMF reduces the current to just overcome Friction and Heat Loss Motion Max Speed no load (no work) back EMF Field current Motion back EMF Field current When the motor does work against a load. It slows down. Back EMF drops, current goes up and it does work. This is how a motor “knows” how hard to push (within limits) When a the current is shut off (current is cut) Motion back EMF Field Back EMF will flow current the backwards as it continues to rotate. current When a motor is shut “off” its rotational momentum keeps it moving for a time and it acts like a generator. The current produced can back feed current to any device connected. This can be bad. Motors and generators are the same device just used differently BMW regenerative braking video clip Faraday’s switch applet Current is produced in a wire only when the magnetic field around the wire CHANGES! Field lines cut through it Faraday applet Transformer change the voltage of electricity but not for free Current is fed to this side A current is produced on this side When a current flows through the primary coil wrapped around a core it acts like an electromagnet. This causes the entire core to become magnetized. Current in Which way will the field lines point? If the current is constant, they core will remain strongly magnetized Current in NONE! Will the secondary coil have more, less, or the same amount of current as the primary? Remember: a stationary magnet (constant magnetic field) and wire produce NO Voltage or CURRENT In order to make current, the magnetic field has to change. Like moving the magnet in and out of the coil This is like holding a stationary magnet in the secondary coil. Current in Even a strong magnet makes no current IF it does not move This VEXED early scientists trying to produce current in the other coil. UNTIL…... Current in No current They noticed right when the switch shut off the primary current. xxx A light would light! xxx But only for a split second. xxx But when the switch was opened again….. xxx the light lit again. xxx The light would only light RIGHT when the switch was opened or closed xxx To keep it lit, the switch must be OPEN xxx To keep it lit, the switch must be CLOSED xxx To keep it lit, the switch must be OPEN xxx To keep it lit, the switch must be CLOSED xxx To keep it lit, the switch must be OPEN xxx To keep it lit, the switch must be CLOSED xxx Because it is not a magnetic field that makes current in a wire but a magnetic field that is…. Moving or changing. Important: A magnet and wire only make electricity if they are moving relative to each other. a magnet sitting on top of a wire doesn’t make your toaster work. DUH... IT WORKS xxx If only there was a way to get electricity that moved back and forth on its own!!! xxx Like alternating current!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! +A 0A -A The current jiggles back and forth automatically!!! Early inventors only had batteries, which made DC xxx Steady current, constant magnet = No light DRATS!@! xxx From AC Generator AC does the work for me this is great!! I’m getting paid for nothing. But who is paying me? NO ONE….. I’m sorry do you want fries with that? You are getting ready to go to college where you will be FRESHMEN again. Keep working….. And don’t do anything stupid with your new found freedom! e = BLv The magnetic field strength is the same More wire means…. e = BLv The magnetic field strength is the same More wire means…. More wire = More Voltage More coils in the secondary means the voltage is increased Less coils in the secondary means the voltage is decreased A typical power “grid” why bother with the voltage increase???? 240,000 V 6,000 V 8000 V 120V Steps down from 240,000 V to 8000 V Steps down from 8000 V to 240 V Nin Nout = Vin Vout A primary coil of 500 loops fed from household current is connected via a transformer to 38 loops. What is the output voltage? BUT no escaping the : Law of conservation of energy Which means: energy in = energy out Time Time power in = power out For electrical energy: Power = current x voltage P = IV P = IV power in = power out IinVin = IoutVout When voltage is decreased…. current….. power….. High voltage = less current for the same energy transferred. -minus the energy lost in the tranformers A 12V transformer delivers 1.5 W, how much current is drawn from the 120V outlet it is connected to? How does this power-stealing device work? Next set of slides are already done delete next year. 15 A of current flows through both wires below. If they are seperated by a distance of 30 cm. What will the magnetic field strength be midway between the? I I Faraday’s law of induction e= Induced EMF (Volts) DFB -N Dt Number of loops Rate of flux change The negative sign has to do with Lenz’s law which we will see coming up A loop with a radius of 7.0 cm is initially perpendicular to a 4.0 Tesla field. It is rotated such that it is parallel with the field in 0.01 seconds. Determine the average emf in the coil. If there had been 10 loops? If it had rotated in 0.1 s? A proton is shot into a magnetic field. In what direction with the magnetic force be? In what direction should an electric field be set to keep it moving straight? FB FE + v E E How about here with an electron? Which way should the electric field point? FB FE A charge like an electron produces an electric field e- Moving an electron produces changing electric field. ( only 1 field line shown for clarity) Moving charge applet animation This moving ELECTRIC field also moves which creates a... e- Magnetic FIELD…. This moving magnetic field also moves which creates a. e- ELECTRIC FIELD…. Which makes a…. magnetic field which makes an electric field which makes a magnetic field which makes an electric field which makes a magnetic field which makes an electric field which makes a magnetic field which makes an electric field which makes a etc………... An oscillating charge produces and electromagnetic wave Electromagnetic wave applet Electromagnetic wave applet All that is needed to produce an EM wave is some electrons moving back in forth in a conductor AC SOURCE This type of device is called an… Antenna If another antenna is near AC SOURCE It electrons will tend to oscillate too... AC SOURCE oscillating electric charge applet If a meter is attached, AC current would be detected. AC SOURCE oscillating electric charge applet Some people in the late 1800’s people thought that the wires that delivered electricity to houses would be gone soon… That didn’t work out Nikola Tesla had this crazy idea in the early 1900’s that this could be used to send information without wires. "As soon as [the Wardenclyffe plant is] completed, it will be possible for a business man in New York to dictate instructions, and have them instantly appear in type at his office in London or elsewhere. He will be able to call up, from his desk, and talk to any telephone subscriber on the globe, without any change whatever in the existing equipment.. . . ." — Nikola Tesla Sending information in the EM waves did however catch on a bit... An antenna is used for sending and receiving a signal. The optimum length of the antenna depends on the wavelength being sent How information is sent in a wave. Miscellaneous not used stuff Placing ferromagnetic material in the center of the coils makes it even stronger. Iron is called a CORE. Soft iron is used because its domains don’t stay aligned after the current is turned off. Steel would remain magnetized. The direction of the magnetic field can be found by curling your fingers (right hand) following the current. Your thumb shows the direction of the field (pointing to N) If the current was reversed. The poles would switch. What are the poles? S N The magnet on the boom of this crane can be turned on and off. A quick note about “conventional current” Vs “actual current” the rules we deal with upcoming are based on conventional current The magnetic force is due to the electron moving through a magnetic field. so F = qvB sin(q) Fmag = qe vd B - - - - - - - - - - - - - -V - drift - F - - - - - - - F E= q F=qE Fe = q e E Fmag = qe vd B qe E = q e vd B E = vd B Kind of like parallel plates so we can use… V= Ed + + + + + + + + + d - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E = vd B V=Ed The book uses “l” instead of d VHall = vd B l + + + + + + + + + d - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -