Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Bellwork: Wed. Nov. 30, 2016 What is each number? 2 1 1. 2. 3 2 3. 4 4. 7 5. 5 2 6. 6 7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bGkUQBw1Rs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GwdZIqJf8g Chapter 13 RNA & Protein Synthesis Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Remember Replication is when DNA codes for a complimentary strand of DNA: AAT-CGG T TA–GCC _____________ Notes: DNA stays in the cell nucleus. How does the information get out to carry out what our genes “say” about us? The first step in decoding genetic messages is to transcribe a nucleotide base sequence from DNA to RNA. So… RNA is not exactly like DNA… Color the Uracil Brown The differences between RNA and DNA: •The sugar in RNA is ribose not deoxyribose. •RNA is generally single-stranded. •RNA contains uracil (U) in place of thymine. (T) •There are 3 main types of RNA: messenger RNA mRNA ribosomal RNA rRNA transfer RNA tRNA The “words” in the DNA/RNA language are all three letter words called “codons Codon: 3 consecutive nucleotides on mRNA specifying a particular amino acid. Anticodon: 3 consecutive nucleotides on tRNA which are complimentary to three codon bases. Anticodon Genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA. RNA contains coded information for making proteins Transcription: DNA is “transcribed” into RNA in a process is called transcription. The RNA code is written using 4 “letters” (the bases: A, U, C, and G). A = adenine C = Cytosine U=uracil G = Guanine Thymine (DNA) is substituted by Uracil (U)!!!). TTA-GCC ___________ Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins. Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). During protein synthesis, transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers each amino acid to the ribosome. The 20 Amino acids (CHON) &S are the building blocks of proteins and play many roles in metabolism and other cell processes. Humans can produce 10 (alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine and tyrosine) of the 20 amino acids The others must be supplied in the food…such as tryptophan in turkey Leucine in our tears Translation In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) produced by transcription is decoded by the ribosomal rRNA to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide, that will later fold into an active protein: AAU–CGG ____________ Coding for the Amino Acid Important: ALWAYS READ THE mRNA!!! mRNA : from above: A A U – C G G amino acid sequence : ______ - _______ GET THIS FROM THE AMINO ACID CHART: Stop here for today: 11/30/2016 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kzgnl5-8WAk How our Genes Work m t Bellwork: Mon. Dec. 5, 2011 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/tra nscribe/ • Protein Synthesis Sim Amino Acids: building blocks of protein. 20 needed to build proteins for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues. 11 made by our body. 9 (called essential amino acids) must come from our diet. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Essential amino acids: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Another amino acid, histidine, is considered semiessential because the body does not always require dietary sources of it. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bellwork: Thurs. Nov. 29, 2012 1. The purpose of the salt water in the DNA Extraction Experiment was to ________________________________ 2. The purpose of the detergent in the DNA Extraction Experiment was to ________________________________ 3. The purpose of the ethyl alcohol in the DNA Extraction Experiment was to ________________________________ 4. In the video what does one wrong letter cause?____________________ Bellwork: D is the Normal karyotype for a species of butterfly. Use the chart and the karyotypes of Butterflies A, B, and C to describe the chromosome error and and disorder of each: Butterfly A Butterfly B Butterfly C Chromosome Error Disorder Trisomy of pair 3 Short antennae Duplication on pair 1 Extra wings Deletion on pair 2 Lack of blue pigmentation D Normal Female Butterfly A: Butterfly B: Butterfly C: Classification of an amino acid as essential or nonessential does not reflect its importance, because all 20 amino acids are necessary for health. Instead, this classification system simply reflects whether or not the body is capable of manufacturing a particular amino acid. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Translation Translation Translation is the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein). Translation takes place on ribosomes. During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. Nucleus mRNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Translation The ribosome binds new tRNA molecules and amino acids as it moves along the mRNA. Phenylalanine tRNA Methionine Ribosome mRNA Start codon Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lysine Translation Protein Synthesis Lysine tRNA Translation direction mRNA Ribosome Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Translation The process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon. Polypeptide Ribosome tRNA mRNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Genes and Proteins Codon Codon Codon DNA Single strand of DNA Codon Codon Codon mRNA mRNA Protein Alanine Arginine Leucine Amino acids within a polypeptide Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 The role of a master plan in a building is similar to the role of which molecule? a. messenger RNA b. DNA c. transfer RNA d. ribosomal RNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 A base that is present in RNA but NOT in DNA is a. thymine. b. uracil. c. cytosine. d. adenine. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 The nucleic acid responsible for bringing individual amino acids to the ribosome is a. transfer RNA. b. DNA. c. messenger RNA. d. ribosomal RNA. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12–3 A codon typically carries sufficient information to specify a(an) a. single base pair in RNA. b. single amino acid. c. entire protein. d. single base pair in DNA. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall