Download Protein Synthesis

Bellwork: Wed. Nov. 30, 2016
What is each
number?
2
1
1.
2.
3
2
3.
4
4.
7
5.
5
2
6.
6
7.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bGkUQBw1Rs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GwdZIqJf8g
Chapter 13
RNA &
Protein
Synthesis
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Remember Replication is
when DNA codes for a
complimentary strand of DNA:
AAT-CGG
T
TA–GCC
_____________
Notes:
DNA stays in the
cell nucleus.
How does the
information get
out to carry out
what our genes
“say” about us?
The first step in
decoding genetic
messages is to
transcribe a nucleotide
base sequence from
DNA to RNA.
So… RNA is not exactly like DNA…
Color the Uracil Brown
The differences between RNA and DNA:
•The sugar in RNA is ribose not deoxyribose.
•RNA is generally single-stranded.
•RNA contains uracil (U) in place of thymine. (T)
•There are 3 main types of RNA:
messenger RNA mRNA
ribosomal RNA rRNA
transfer RNA tRNA
The “words” in the DNA/RNA language are all three
letter words called “codons
Codon: 3 consecutive nucleotides on mRNA
specifying a particular amino acid.
Anticodon: 3 consecutive nucleotides
on tRNA which are complimentary to
three codon bases.
Anticodon
Genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of
the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA.
RNA contains coded information for making proteins
Transcription:
DNA is “transcribed” into RNA in a process is called
transcription. The RNA code is written using 4
“letters” (the bases: A, U, C, and G).
A = adenine
C = Cytosine
U=uracil
G = Guanine
Thymine (DNA) is substituted by Uracil (U)!!!).
TTA-GCC
___________
Messenger RNA
(mRNA) carries copies
of instructions for
assembling amino
acids into proteins.
Ribosomes are made up of
proteins and ribosomal
RNA (rRNA).
During protein synthesis,
transfer RNA (tRNA)
transfers each amino acid
to the ribosome.
The 20 Amino acids
(CHON)
&S
are the building blocks of proteins and play
many roles in metabolism and other cell
processes.
Humans can produce 10 (alanine, asparagine,
aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine,
glycine, proline, serine and tyrosine) of the 20
amino acids
The others must be supplied in the food…such
as tryptophan in turkey
Leucine in our tears
Translation
In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) produced
by transcription is decoded by the ribosomal
rRNA to produce a specific amino acid chain, or
polypeptide, that will later fold into an active
protein:
AAU–CGG
____________
Coding for the Amino Acid
Important: ALWAYS READ THE mRNA!!!
mRNA : from above: A A U – C G G
amino acid sequence : ______ - _______
GET THIS FROM THE AMINO ACID CHART:
Stop here for
today:
11/30/2016
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kzgnl5-8WAk
How our Genes Work
m
t
Bellwork: Mon. Dec. 5, 2011
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/tra
nscribe/
• Protein Synthesis Sim
Amino Acids: building blocks of protein.
20 needed to build proteins for growth, repair, and
maintenance of body tissues.
11 made by our body.
9 (called essential amino acids) must come from
our diet.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Essential amino acids: isoleucine, leucine, lysine,
methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan,
and valine.
Another amino acid, histidine, is considered semiessential because the body does not always
require dietary sources of it.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Bellwork: Thurs. Nov. 29, 2012
1.
The purpose of the salt water in the DNA
Extraction Experiment was to
________________________________
2.
The purpose of the detergent in the DNA
Extraction Experiment was to
________________________________
3.
The purpose of the ethyl alcohol in the DNA
Extraction Experiment was to
________________________________
4.
In the video what does one wrong letter
cause?____________________
Bellwork:
D is the Normal karyotype for a species of butterfly. Use the chart and the
karyotypes of Butterflies A, B, and C to describe the chromosome error
and and disorder of each:
Butterfly A
Butterfly B
Butterfly C
Chromosome Error
Disorder
Trisomy of pair 3
Short antennae
Duplication on pair 1
Extra wings
Deletion on pair 2
Lack of blue
pigmentation
D Normal Female
Butterfly A:
Butterfly B:
Butterfly C:
Classification of an amino acid as essential or
nonessential does not reflect its importance,
because all 20 amino acids are necessary for
health. Instead, this classification system simply
reflects whether or not the body is capable of
manufacturing a particular amino acid.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Translation
Translation
Translation is the decoding of an mRNA
message into a polypeptide chain (protein).
Translation takes place on ribosomes.
During translation, the cell uses
information from messenger RNA to
produce proteins.
Nucleus
mRNA
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Translation
The ribosome binds new tRNA molecules and amino
acids as it moves along the mRNA.
Phenylalanine
tRNA
Methionine
Ribosome
mRNA
Start codon
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Lysine
Translation
Protein Synthesis
Lysine
tRNA
Translation direction
mRNA
Ribosome
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Translation
The process continues until the ribosome reaches
a stop codon.
Polypeptide
Ribosome
tRNA
mRNA
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Genes and Proteins
Codon
Codon Codon
DNA
Single strand of DNA
Codon Codon Codon
mRNA
mRNA
Protein
Alanine Arginine Leucine
Amino acids within
a polypeptide
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12–3
The role of a master plan in a building is similar
to the role of which molecule?
a. messenger RNA
b. DNA
c. transfer RNA
d. ribosomal RNA
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12–3
A base that is present in RNA but NOT in DNA is
a. thymine.
b. uracil.
c. cytosine.
d. adenine.
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12–3
The nucleic acid responsible for bringing
individual amino acids to the ribosome is
a. transfer RNA.
b. DNA.
c. messenger RNA.
d. ribosomal RNA.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
A codon typically carries sufficient information to
specify a(an)
a. single base pair in RNA.
b. single amino acid.
c. entire protein.
d. single base pair in DNA.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall