Download lecture ch 12

PLEASE REMEMBER…
 TURN
OFF YOUR CELL PHONES!
 DON’T TALK DURING THE
LECTURE. I HAVE BEEN GETTING
COMPLAINTS AGAIN. IF I HAVE TO
STOP LECTURING I WILL, BUT
YOU’LL STILL BE RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE MATERIAL I WOULD HAVE
COVERED!
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Personality and Its
Assessment
Chapter 12
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
What Is Personality? LOBJ 12.1
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Personality is a pattern of relatively
permanent traits, dispositions, or
characteristics that leads to some
consistency in a person’s behaviour
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It is the result of both genetics and experience
Nature and nurture
Why do you “know” some people?
Consistency/predictability over time and
circumstance
What are some “personality” words?
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Psychodynamic Theories
• Psychodynamic theories
focus on how
unconscious processes
direct day-to-day
behavior
• The most famous of
these approaches was the
psychoanalytic theory of
Sigmund Freud
• Freud was an Austrian
physician who developed
his theory while treating
people with physical and
mental problems
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Psychodynamic Theories
• From his work with
these patients, Freud
began to formulate a
theory that centered
on early childhood
experiences and
fantasies
– Psychoanalysis
• Approach to therapy
– Psychodynamic Theory
• Explanation for behavior
and personality
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Psychodynamic Theories
LOBJ 12.3
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory rests on
several assumptions:
1. Human experience takes place on three
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levels of consciousness

Preconscious, conscious, unconscious
2. Human functioning is influenced by three
basic structures of the mind

Id, Ego, and Superego
3. The foundation of personality is shaped by
early childhood experiences
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Psychodynamic Theories
4. Parental punishment of a child’s
LOBJ 12.3
sexual and
aggressive behaviours results in repression
of part of these experiences and leads to
psychological conflict
5. Conflict creates anxiety, and people protect
themselves against anxiety with defence
mechanisms
(will cover in lab next week; take your book
to lab! LOBJ 12.5)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Freud: Structures of the Mind
• The id is the source of a person’s instinctual
energy either sexual or aggressive and works by
the pleasure principle
• The ego seeks to satisfy an individual’s
instinctual needs in accordance with reality
• The superego provides an
conscience
ego ideal and a
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
The Id, the Ego, and the Superego
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Development of Personality
LOBJ 12.4
• Freud argued that people pass through
five stages of personality development
that are associated with conflicts with
erogenous zones
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Development of Personality
• First stage is the oral stage
• From birth to age 2, the infant’s
instincts focus on the mouth as the
primary pleasure center
• Adults who remain attached to the oral
stage or revert to it during intense
anxiety display traits of an “oral”
personality that include biting objects,
smoking, or overeating
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Development of Personality
• Stage two is the anal
stage (age 2 to 3)
• Children learn to control
the immediate
gratification they obtain
through defecation
• They learn to respond to
some of parents’ and
society’s demands
• Adults who had difficulty
in the stage tend to have
problems with orderliness
(or lack of it)
– Anal retentive
– Anal expulsive
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Development of Personality
• The third stage is the
phallic stage (age 4 – 7)
• During this stage children
pass through what Freud
termed the Oedipus
complex that involves
unconscious wishes to
have sexual intercourse
with one parent
• During the Oedipus
complex the child wants
to replace the other
parent
• This rivalry produces
castration anxiety
• During the same stage
girls develop penis envy
– Where’s mine?
• The Oedipus complex is
resolved by identifying
with the same sex parent
– If you can’t beat ‘em, join
‘em.
• This leads to acquisition
of a superego
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Development of Personality
• The fourth stage is
latency (from age 7 to
puberty)
• During latency, sexual
urges are inactive (latent)
• Energy devoted to other
things
– School
– Sports
• Stage five is the genital
stage
• Begins with the onset of
puberty
• Failure to pass through
earlier stages successfully
may lead to unresolved
conflicts throughout
adulthood
– Skills
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Sex and Aggression
LOBJ 12.4
• Freud felt behaviour was
energized by two basic
instinctual drives
• The drive toward life,
expressed through sexual
energy (eros)
• The drive toward
death,
expressed through
aggression (thanatos)
• Freud’s theory focused
mainly on the energy of
the sexual instinct, libido
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Relevant today?
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LOBJ 12.6
The father of psychoanalytical theory.
Major ground breaking ideas for the 1900s
Became popular in the 20s and 30s
Hitchcock was fascinated with Freud’s theory
Some of his ideas stand today
– Parent/child relationships
– Defence mechanisms
– Unconscious processes
• Controversial today, many don’t consider his
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theory to be valid, others are hard core Freudians
Have to know about it to understand society,
culture, and where psychology has come from
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Adler and Individual Psychology
•
Alfred Adler was one of the
original members of Freud’s
Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
before having a falling out with
Freud 
• Adler acknowledged the role of
heredity and environment in
furnishing the building
materials of personality
• Adler called the ability to
shape our own personality
creative power
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Humans are motivated by
feelings of inferiority; we need
to overcome and achieve
success.
LOBJ 12.7
• We are by nature selfish
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and social.
We are also conscious,
not mainly unconscious.
We need not be the
victims of primitive
drives.
We are self-conscious and
capable of improving
ourselves and the world
around us.
Our main concerns in life
are a vocation, communal
living, and love.
We are by nature unified.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Adler and Feminism
• Maybe the first “feminist”
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theorist (early 1900s)
He deplored the inferior
status of women and
blamed men’s
aggressiveness
Men force inferior roles
on women
There is no biological
inferiority to justify
women’s inferior status
– Penis envy! Ha!
• “All our institutions, our
traditional attitudes, our
laws, our morals, our
customs, give evidence of
the fact that they are
determined and
maintained by privileged
males for the glory of
male domination…Nobody
can bear a positon of
inferiority without anger
and disgust…That women
must be submissive
is…(a) superstition….
(Adler, 1927)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Jung and Analytical Psychology
• Another important
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theorist to break from
Freud was Carl Jung
Jung believed people are
motivated to attain selfrealization or perfection
It’s not about sex, it’s
about finding meaning in
life.
We have what Jung
called, the collective
unconscious :a shared
storehouse of primitive
ideas and images a
Archetypes –come to grips with
LOBJ 12.8
• Tests of Courage:
• Shadow – the dark side
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of our personality; deal
with it!
Anima (for males)
Animus (for females)
Great Mother
Wise Old Man
Self
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Behavioral Theory of Personality
• I can’t see inside your
mind, so why even
consider that?
LOBJ 12.9 & 12.10
• VERY different from
the psychodynamic
theories!
• Behaviourists believe
personality is acquired
through
– Reinforcement
(operant conditioning)
– Natural selection
• Need to survive
– Cultural evolution
• Language & technology
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Traits and Type Theories
• A trait is any readily-
identifiable, stable quality
that characterizes an
individual from other
individuals (continuum)
– Cheerful
– Shy
• Types are personality
categories in which broad
collections of traits are
loosely tied together and
interrelated
– Level-headed
• Calm
- LOBJ 12.11, 12.12, & 12.13
• Gordon Allport – Personal
Disposition
– Cardinal, central, secondary
traits = you
• Raymond B. Cattell
– Factor analysis (gps variables)
– Trait sets or clusters
– Surface & source
• Hans Eysenck
– Types, traits, habits
• Extraversion-
Introversion (E)
• Neuroticism-Stability (N)
• Psychoticism-Superego
Function (P)
• Makes rational decisions
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
The Five Factor Model
• Five broad categories
of traits
– Five Factor Model
– The Big Five
• Researchers think of
the five factors as
“supertraits”
Genetics of personality?
Read pg. 431
LOBJ 12.14 & 12.15
• Extraversion-
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introversion
Agreeablenessantagonism
Conscientiousnessundirectedness
Neuroticism-stability
Openness to
experience
• Description not
explanation
•
http://similarminds.com/bigfive
.html
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Humanistic Psychology
LOBJ 12.16
• Reaction to
Psychodynamic,
Behaviouristic, & Type
views
• Abraham Maslow and
Carl Rogers
• People are motivated to
achieve personal goals by
internal forces
– Phenomenological
Approach
– Self-determination
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Maslow and Self-Actualization
LOBJ 12.17
• Maslow conceives of
motives as forming a
hierarchy
• Lower needs, such as
those for food and water,
are at the bottom of the
hierarchy
• Self-actualization is the
final level of psychological
development
– Self-actualized individuals
accept themselves, others,
and nature
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Freud v. Maslow
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Rogers and Self Theory
Carl Rogers made
three basic
assumptions about
behaviour:
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Behaviour is goaldirected
People have the
potential for growth
How individuals see
the world determines
how they behave
LOBJ 12.18
• Inborn tendency toward
fulfillment, a tendency
toward actualizing one’s
essential nature attained
only if certain conditions
are met
– Empathy
– Unconditional positive regard
– Congruence
People who receive
empathy and unconditional
positive regard from a
congruent partner become
a “fully-functioning person”
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Freud v. Rogers
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Personality Assessment
LOBJ 12.25
• Assessment is the
process of evaluating
individual differences
through tests,
interviews,
observations, and
recording
physiological
processes
– Projective tests
– Personality Inventories
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Projective Tests
LOBJ 12.26
• The basic idea:
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– the unconscious directs
daily behaviour and
thoughts
Projective tests are used to
uncover unconscious
motives
• The Rorschach Inkblot Test
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is a classic projective test
Examinees say what they
see in a series of 10
inkblots, shown one at a
time
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Thematic Apperception Test
LOBJ 12.26
• The Thematic
Apperception Test (TAT)
is more structured than
the Rorschach
• It consists of a series of
black-and-white pictures
that depict at least one
person in an ambiguous
situation
• People taking the TAT are
asked to tell a story
describing the situation
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.
Personality Inventories
• Personality
inventories generally
consist of true/false
or multiple choice
items to which people
respond
– objective
• Well-constructed
inventories tend to be
valid predictors of
performance in a wide
array of situations
LOBJ 12.27
• One of the most
widely used
personality tests is
the Minnesota
Multiphasic
Personality Inventory2nd Edition (MMPI-2)
• The norms of the
MMPI-2 are based on
profiles of normal
people and groups of
psychiatric patients
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.