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Topic: Final Exam Review Aim: Let’s review for our final exam. Do Now: Let’s quickly review – - Evolution and plant test - Nutritional Relationships activity - Dichotomous Key HW: Ecology Castle Learning due Friday Start studying for your Final (Friday and Monday) a. b. e. f. Norno beverlus Norno californius d. c. Norno walawala Norno dakotus Norno yorkio g. Norno kentuckyus Norno dallus h. Norno rajus To measure the volume of an irregular solid, a student can use a. a triple beam balance b. a beaker c. displacement in a graduated cylinder d. a thermometer The units for the volume of a solid is a. mL b. mm c. L d. cm3 The amount of space an object takes up is known as its a. mass b. density c. volume d. matter Use the diagram below to answer the following questions. 1.Identify the instrument used. Graduated cylinder 2. Identify the units used to measure the volume of a liquid. mL or L 3. Determine the volume of the liquid. 150mL Volume: 12mL – 9mL = 3mL Displacement Identify this method. 1. How is the density of an object measured? Density = mass/volume 2. What is the density of one cup of water? 1g/mL 3. What is the density of half a cup of water? 1g/mL 4. What is the density of a 100gram object with a volume of 20 milliliters? D = Mass/Volume 100g/20mL = 5g/ml 5. The object above was cut into three pieces. What is the density of one of those pieces? 5g/ml 1. Explain why an object placed in a glass of water floats. The object has a density LESS than the density of water (1g/ml). 2. Explain why an object placed in a glass of water sinks. The object has a density MORE than the density of water (1g/ml). 1. The problem of an experiment is in the form of a _____________. PROBLEM HYPOTHESIS is an educated guess to the 2. A ______________ problem of the experiment. CONCLUSION 3. The ________________ states whether your hypothesis is correct or incorrect. CONTROL 4. The ______________ group does not contain the independent variable. DEPENDENT 5. What is measured is known as the ___________ variable. EXPERIMENTAL group that contains the 6. The ______________ independent variable. 7. A new idea tested in a scientific experiment is known as the ______________. HYPOTHESIS What would make the results of an experiment carried out by a research team valid? The experiment was repeated and the same results were obtained each time. To test the effect of hormones on plant growth, 6 potted plant seedlings of the same species were measured and then sprayed with a growth hormone. After 4 weeks of growth under ideal conditions, the plants were measured again. 1. How would you set up the control group? There should be another group with 6 plants that DO NOT receive water. To test the effect of hormones on plant growth, 6 potted plant seedlings of the same species were measured and then sprayed with a growth hormone. After 4 weeks of growth under ideal conditions, the plants were measured again. 2. Identify the independent and dependent variables. Independent variable: Growth hormone Dependent variable: Length of the seedling To test the effect of hormones on plant growth, 6 potted plant seedlings of the same species were measured and then sprayed with a growth hormone. After 4 weeks of growth under ideal conditions, the plants were measured again. 3. Give 2 factors that must be kept constant. The amount of water each plant receives. The temperature the plants were kept. The species of plant used. The amount of soil in each pot. You studied the effect of the amount of fish food on the mass of goldfish. One tank of goldfish is fed the normal amount of food once a day. A second tank of goldfish was fed twice a day. A third tank of goldfish was fed three times a day. The fish's mass was measured three times a week. 1.State the problem. What is the effect of the amount of fish food on the mass of goldfish? 2.Give a possible hypothesis. I think that feeding the goldfish three times a day will increase the mass of the goldfish the most. You studied the effect of the amount of fish food on the mass of goldfish. One tank of goldfish is fed the normal amount of food once a day. A second tank of goldfish was fed twice a day. A third tank of goldfish was fed three times a day. The fish's mass was measured three times a week. 3. Identify the independent variable. The amount of food 4. Identify the control group. The group of goldfish that were fed once a day. You studied the effect of the amount of fish food on the mass of goldfish. One tank of goldfish is fed the normal amount of food once a day. A second tank of goldfish was fed twice a day. A third tank of goldfish was fed three times a day. The fish's mass was measured three times a week. 5. Identify the dependent variable. The mass of the goldfish. 6. Identify 2 controls (factors that must remain constant). Amount of fish in each group Temperature of the water Amount of light the fish are exposed to The original mass of the fish Identify the independent variable. 280 260 240 220 200 Water temperature 180 160 140 120 Identify the dependent variable. 100 80 60 40 20 Average water flea heart rate 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 State the relationship between the average water flea heart rate and water temperature. 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 As water temperature increases, the average water flea heart rate increases. 100 80 60 40 20 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 What is the average flea heart rate at 15ºC? 280 260 240 220 200 118 beats/min 180 160 140 120 What is the average flea heart rate at 30ºC? 100 80 60 40 20 240 beats/min 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 B A C 1. Identify structure A. Support your answer. Electron because it is negative. 2. Identify structure B. Support your answer. Proton because it is positive. 3. Identify structure C. Support your answers. Neutron because it is neutral. It does not have a charge. 4. Identify the structure in the middle of the atom that contains protons and neutrons. Nucleus B A C 5. Identify the atomic number of this atom. Support your answer. Atomic number is 8 because the atom has 8 protons. Which of the following is not an element? 1. oxygen 2. sodium chloride 3. hydrogen 4. nitrogen A chemical formula like CO2 represents 1. an element 2. an atom 2. an electron 4. a compound A compound is 2 or more elements CHEMICALLY combined. A substance that cannot be changed into simpler substances by a chemical change is called a (an) 1. element. 2. liquid. 3. solid. 4. mixture. 1. Explain why the substance on the left is a mixture. It is made up of 2 or more substances PHYSICALLY COMBINED. 2. Describe how a mixture is different than a compound. A compound is made up of 2 or more substances CHEMICALLY COMBINED. For the following solutions, identify the solute and solvent. 1. Sweetened tea Solute: sugar Solvent: water 2. Salt water Solute: salt Solvent: water 3. Hot chocolate with milk Solute: chocolate Solvent: milk Sand and iron particles that are similar in size and color are mixed together in a beaker. What would be the best method of separating the particles? 1. Use tweezers to separate them. 2. Add water to the mixture. 3. Use a magnet to separate them. 4. Pour the mixture into a filter. Identify the solid, liquid and gas! Support your answer. GAS - - High energy atoms No definite volume or shape Takes shape of a closed container SOLID - Atoms are tightly packed - Definite shape and volume - Atoms vibrate LIQUID - Atoms are loosely packed - Define volume but no definite shape - Take shape of an open container - Atoms cohesive Identify the phase change described. melting 1. Solid to liquid: condensation 2. Gas to liquid: 3. Liquid to solid: freezing 4. Solid to gas: sublimation vaporization 5. Liquid to gas: Identify how to help sugar dissolve faster in water. Stirring the water Using smaller particles of sugar Increasing the water temperature 1. Explain why sand and water is not a solution. The sand did not dissolve in the water. 2. How can the water be separated from the sand? Pour the sand-water mixture through filter paper (filtration). Let the water evaporate which would leave the sand in the beaker. Identify all labeled structures in the diagram. E High Power objective Ocular Coarse adjustment Fine adjustment Arm What was the highest possible magnification that can be obtained when using this microscope? Objective - Ocular 40 x 10 = 400x E F 1. What happens to the amount of light when switching from low to high power? The amount of light decreases. 2. What happens to the field of view when switching from low to high power? The field of view decreases. 3. Which structure can only be used to focus the specimen under high power? Support your answer. The fine adjustment because using the coarse adjustment under high power can break the objective lens or the slide. E F What are two possible adjustments that need to be made when switching to high power? Adjust the diaphragm to make the filed of view brighter. Focus with the fine adjustment. Explain one difference between plants and fungi. Plants are autotrophic. Fungi are heterotrophic. 1. What is the name of the method used to today to name organisms? Binomial nomenclature 2. Who devised this system of naming organisms? Carolus Linnaeaus 3. What does the scientific name of an organism consist of? Genus species 1. List two characteristics of a kingdom. - LARGEST LEVEL - CONSISTS OF ORGANISMS THAT ARE VERY DIVERSE OR DIFFERENT 2. Why is a species considered the most specific level? ORGANISMS ARE VERY SIMILAR 3. The scientific name of the clouded leopard is Neofelis nebulosa . What is the organism’s genus and species? GENUS Neofelis SPECIES nebulosa Acer saccharum is the scientific name for the sugar maple tree. Acer is the name of the tree's 1. genus 2. phylum 3. species 4. kingdom The level of classification that consists of organisms that are most closely related is a. Kingdom b. Phylum c. Genus d. Species Identify all the organelles labeled and give the function of each. Nucleus: controls all cell activities Vacuole: stores materials Ribosome: produces proteins (5) Mitochondria: produces energy Cell membrane: controls what enters and leaves the cell Identify the structures labeled and the function of each. 1- nucleus: controls all cell activities 2 – nucleolus: produces ribosomes 3 – cell membrane: controls what enters and exits the cell 4 – cytoplasm: holds cell organelles 5 – cell wall: keeps plant cells rigid and supports plant cell 6 – vacuole: stores materials 7 - chloroplast: site of photosynthesis Which is found in the nucleus? (1.) ribosome (2.) vacuole (3.) lysosome (4.) chromosome The rigidity (support) of a plant cell is due primarily to the presence of the (1) chloroplasts (2) centrosomes (3) cell membrane (4) cell wall Which sequence of terms is in the correct order from simplest to most complex? (1) cells, tissues, organs, organ systems (2) tissues, organisms, cells, organ systems (3) cells, tissues, organ systems, organs (4) organs, organisms, organ systems, cells The breakdown of organic compounds to produce ATP is known as (1)cellular respiration (2)transpiration (3)active transport (4) photosynthesis 1. Identify the cell organelle where cellular respiration occurs. MITOCHONDRIA 2. Identify the cell organelle where autotrophic nutrition (photosynthesis) occurs. CHLOROPLASTS In the presence of oxygen, _____ molecules of ATP can be formed. (1)2 (2) 19 (3) 36 (4) 63 1. What type of transport does this picture represent? Active transport 2. Explain your answer. Substances are moving from a LOW to HIGH concentration. The diagram above shows the same type of molecule in area A and area B. With the passage of time, some molecules move from area A to area B. Identify the name of this process. Support your answer. Passive transport because the molecules are moving from a high to low concentration. The movement of materials from higher to lower concentration is called (1.) diffusion (2.) active transport (3.) pinocytosis (4.) phagocytosis The movement of materials from lower to higher concentration requiring energy is called (1.) movement (2.) diffusion (3.) active transport (4.) cell division Identify the system being described. 1. Transports substances throughout the body. CIRCULATORY 2. Regulates all life processes. ENDOCRINE AND NERVOUS 3. Removes metabolic (cellular)wastes. EXCRETORY 4. Breaks down food to make it small enough to diffuse into cells. DIGESTIVE 5. Exchanges gases between the internal and external environment. RESPIRATORY 6. Production of new individuals. REPRODUCTIVE 7. Enables organisms to move. MUSCULAR AND SKELTAL Identify each sysytem below. Skeletal Muscular Respiratory Circulatory Digestive Nervous Excretory 1. Identify the following information for the food to the left. a. Serving size 2 crackers b. Total carbohydrates 10g c. Calories 60 d. Protein 2g 2. How many calories would you consume if you ate 2 servings of these crackers? 120 calories The diagram represents gas exchange in the lungs. 1. Identify the structure in the diagram. alveolus 2. What process occurs in this structure? gas exchange X Y 3. Identify the blood vessel surrounding this structure. capillary The diagram represents gas exchange in the lungs. 4. Identify gas X. O2 5. Identify gas Y. CO2 X Y 6. Identify the process that causes the movement of gases. diffusion 7. Identify the 2 systems involved in this process. Respiratory and circulatory systems The diagram represents cells that make up the blood. Y red blood cell Identify structures X, Y, and Z. white blood cell Z platelet The diagram represents cells that make up the blood. white blood cell Helps fight pathogens Y red blood cell Carries oxygen Z platelet Blood clotting Identify the function of each structure. Hormones and secretions of the nervous system are chemical messengers that 1. store genetic information 2. carry out the circulation of materials 3. extract energy from nutrients 4. control and coordinate system interactions Hormones are transported by 1. villi 2. the blood 3. the lungs 4. alveoli The life process that involves the release of hormones and neurotransmitters is 1. reproduction 2. transport 3. excretion 4. regulation Regulation involves the maintenance of a stable internal environment known as 1. immunity 2. homeostasis 3. locomotion 4. respiration Identify the substance released by neurons to enable an impulse to travel from one neuron to the next? Terminal branches release neurotransmitters into the synapse. Identify the structures that make up the central nervous system. Brain and Spinal Cord 1. Identify the structure in the diagram. Neurons 2. In what system are these cells located? Nervous system 3. Identify the electrochemical message that moves throughout these cells. Impulse Dendrites Cell body Schwann cells Axon Terminal branches 4. Identify each part of the neuron in the diagram. 5. Identify the space in between terminal branches on one neuron and the dendrites of the next neuron. Synapse 6. Identify the chemical released into the space to transmit the impulse to the next neuron. Neurotransmitter Identify each structure in the diagram of the knee and describe its function. A – Skeletal muscle •Attach to bone to aid in movement B - Ligament •Connect bone to bone C - Tendon •Connect muscle to bone 1. Identify the 2 systems involved in the movement of this knee. Skeletal and Muscular systems 2. Identify the life process. LOCOMOTION 1. Identify the stage that represents fertilization. Stage 1 2. Define fertilization. The joining of a sperm and egg cell to create a zygote. 3. Identify the process occurring during stages 3 and 4. Cleavage or mitosis 4. Identify structure 2. Zygote 5. Which structure represents the morula? Structure 5 6. Identify structure 6. Blastula 7. Identify structure 7. Gastrula 8. Identify the process that occurs after stage 7. Differentiation Which phrases best identify characteristics of asexual reproduction? (1) 1 parent, union of gametes, offspring similar to but not genetically identical to the parent (2) 1 parent, no union of gametes, offspring genetically identical to parents (3) 2 parents, union of gametes, offspring similar to but not genetically identical to parents (4) 2 parents, no union of gametes, offspring genetically identical to parents 1. Identify the types of cells represented by sperm cells and egg cells. GAMETES 2. Identify the process used to produce these cells. MEIOSIS 3. In humans, how many chromosomes are found in each of these cells compared to somatic or body cells? Gametes have HALF the number of chromosomes of somatic cells. 1. Identify the process in the diagram. BINARY FISSION 2. What type of reproduction is involved? ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 3. Describe the offspring of this process. OFFSPRING ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO THE ONE PARENT. What does this diagram represent? METAMORPHOSIS Red is dominant in flowers and white is recessive. Cross a heterozygous flower with a homozygous dominant flower. 1. What is the chance of having white flowers? 2. What is the chance of having red flowers? Rr x RR R R RR r Rr R R R Rr 0% chance of having white flowers. 100% chance of having red flowers. Which sequence shows the largest structure to the smallest structure? 1. gene – DNA – chromosome 2. DNA – gene – chromosome 3. gene – chromosome – DNA 4. chromosome – gene – DNA 1. The process represented in the diagram is known as a. selective breeding b. hybridization c. cloning d. genetic engineering 2. Identify a substance that can be produced using this technique. Insulin Growth hormone Cloning an individual usually produces organisms that (1) contain dangerous mutations (2) contain identical genes (3) are identical in appearance and behavior (4) produce enzymes different from the parent To produce large tomatoes that are resistant to cracking and splitting, some seed companies use the pollen from one variety of tomato plant to fertilize a different variety of tomato plant. The technique used to create tomatoes resistant to cracking and splitting is a. genetic engineering b. selective breeding c. cloning d. gene therapy To produce large tomatoes that are resistant to cracking and splitting, some seed companies use the pollen from one variety of tomato plant to fertilize a different variety of tomato plant. Identify the type of selective breeding described above. Support your answer. Hybridization because the seed companies crossed two DIFFERENT varieties of tomato plants. Dog breeding can involve breeding closely related dogs over many generations. For example, father to daughter, half-brother to half-sister, mother to son, etc. The goal of this technique is to preserve the traits that breeders desire. The technique described represents a. hybridization b. genetic engineering c. cloning d. inbreeding The diagram represents an explanation about why giraffes have long necks. 1. Does this represent Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection? Support your answer. No. According to Natural Selection, having a long neck is a favorable adaptation enabling giraffes to pass on that trait to offspring. Over time, the population consisted of long-neck giraffes. In the Theory of Natural Selection, Darwin stated that variation exists within species. 1. Describe variation. Differences within a species 2. Does Darwin describe what causes variation? Support your answer. He only states that variation exists. 3. Identify the causes of variation within a species. Mutations, sexual reproduction, selective breeding, genetic engineering. 4. What is a mutation? Change in DNA. Gorillas have large and powerful arms that enable them to break stalks or uproot vegetation. This is an example of a(n) 1. acquired characteristic 2. mutation 3. adaptation 4. pathogen Farmers are trying to produce cows that produce a large amount of creamy milk. What technique can farmers use? Support your answer. Selective breeding – farmers select which cows to mate and produce offspring. Hybridization – farmers cross cows with different traits in hopes of producing cows that get the best of both cows. 1. Which of the following is most likely to cause an organism to become extinct? 1. A mutation develops. 2. The major change in the environment occurs and organisms cannot adapt. 3. DNA is not readily passed on to offspring . 4. Malnutrition occurs over an organism’s lifetime. 2. Why is variation an advantage for a species? The more variation within a species enables them to survive a changing environment. 1. Identify the plant structure that absorbs water. ROOTS 2. Identify the plant structure that contains vascular tissue to transport substances throughout the plant. STEMS 3. Identify the plant structure where photosynthesis occurs. LEAVES 4. Identify the vascular tissue that transports water up from the roots. XYLEM 5. Identify the vascular tissue that transports nutrients throughout the plant. PHLOEM 6. Identify the FOOD produced during photosynthesis. GLUCOSE 7. What is the “food” used for? RESPIRATION 1. Identify the type of nutrition represented by photosynthesis. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION 2. Identify the raw materials for photosynthesis. CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER 3. How does carbon dioxide enter the plant? THROUGH THE LEAVES (STOMATA) 4. Identify the waste gas of photosynthesis. OXYGEN 5. Identify the product used for respiration. GLUCOSE 6. Identify the cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs. CHLOROPLASTS Identify what is being described. 1.One species living in the same area. Population 2.The role an organism plays in its habitat. Niche 3.Only eat producers. Herbivores 4.Break down dead organisms. Decomposers 5.Hunt for their food. Predators Omnivores 6.Organisms that consume both plants and animals. 7.Consists of biotic and abiotic factors. Ecosystem 8.Where an organism lives. Habitat 9.Produce their own food. Producers 10.Many species living in the same area. Community 11.Feed off of organisms that have already been killed. Scavengers Which group can best be described as a population? (1.) all the honeybees in an orchard (2.) all the plants and animals in a forest (3.) the life in Earth's atmosphere (4.) the living and nonliving factors in a meadow Although 3 different bird species all inhabit the same type of tree in an area, competition between the birds rarely occurs. The most likely explanation for this lack of competition is that these birds (1.) are unable to interbreed (2.) have a limited supply of food (3.) share food with each other (4.) have different ecological niches Bacteria of decay are important components of an ecosystem because they (1) recycle organic matter (2) are involved in photosynthesis (3) absorb solar energy (4) slow the spread of disease 1. Identify the following: a. Producer Trees, grasses b. Herbivore Deer, rabbit, mouse, cricket c. Carnivore Mountain lion, snake, hawk, frog d. Omnivore Mouse 2. If the population of mice is reduced by disease, which change will most likely occur in the food web? Increase in grass and crickets Decrease in snakes and hawks 3. What is the original source of energy for this food web? Sunlight 4. Which organisms are not shown in this diagram but are essential to a balanced ecosystem? Decomposers 5. State one example of a predatorprey relationship found in the food web. Indicate which is the predator and which is the prey. Frog hawk Mouse hawk Rabbit hawk Deer lion Rabbit lion Identify the material cycle in the diagram above. WATER CYCLE Identify the material cycle in the diagram above. CARBON AND OXYGEN CYCLE The relationship between fleas and a dog is most similar to the relationship between (1.) honeybees and flower (2.) orchids and a tree (3.) nitrogen-fixing bacteria and a legume (4.) athlete's foot fungus and a human Barnacles often attach themselves to whales and receive free transportation to parts of the ocean. The whales are not affected by this activity. This is an example of (1.) mutualism (2.) decomposers (3.) commensalism (4.) parasitism The symbiotic relationship between a human and the fungus that causes athlete's foot is an example of (1)predation (2) commensalism (3) parasitism (4) decomposition Stage D in the diagram below is located on land that was once a bare field. 1. Identify the process in the diagram. Succession 2. Identify the pioneer organisms.Grasses 3. Identify stage D. Support your answer. Climax community. It is the last stage that is not replaced. 4. Describe one factor that could disrupt the climax community. Natural disaster, deforestation, forest fires Which organisms would most likely be the pioneer organisms on a newly formed volcanic island? (1.) conifers (2.) lichens (3.) deciduous trees (4.) tall grasses Which statement concerning the climax stage of an ecological succession is correct? (1.) It is the first community to inhabit an area. (2.) It consists entirely of plants. (3.) It persists until the environment changes. (4.) It changes rapidly. 1. Which substance is the major cause of the loss of our stratospheric ozone shield? (1.) CFC's (2.) oxygen (3.) acid rain (4.) carbon dioxide 2. Give an example of a negative effect of ozone depletion. More UV radiation reaching Earth’s surface increase in cancer, destruction of producers, eye damage 1. Which is NOT an expected effect of global warming? (1.) Melting of polar ice caps. (2.) Flooding of coastal areas. (3.) Increased crop yields. (4.) Alteration of rainfall patterns 2. Identify two possible causes of global warming. Melting of polar ice caps flooding Climate change Habitat destruction There is ample evidence to suggest a direct relationship between global warming and increased (1.) ozone concentration (2.) carbon dioxide concentration (3.) acid rain (4.) CFC's Which factor is a major cause of global warming? (1) increased burning of fuels (2) increased number of green plants (3) decreased mineral availability (4) decreased CO2 in the atmosphere 1. Deforestation will most directly result in an immediate increase in (1) atmospheric carbon dioxide (2) atmospheric ozone (3) wildlife populations (4) renewable resources 2. What are some other negative effects of deforestation? Habitat destruction