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World War II
Contestant #1
I am a womanizer, criticized
for controlling the gov’t,
and unfortunately suffer
from ailing health.
Contestant #3
I am a decorated war hero,
do not drink and want
to create a stable economy
Contestant #2
I have a drinking habit and
a rebellious mouth
or attitude
Contestant #1
Contestant #2
Contestant #3
Roosevelt
Churchill
Hitler
• A dictator has absolute rule of a nation.
• Dictators with evil plans took charge of some
countries in Europe.
• Dictators often used harsh treatment for those
who disagreed or were considered
undesirable.
Mussolini
In Italy, the dictator who rose to power was
CAUSES
Fearing a Communist
Revolution in Italy…
Event
In 1922, about 30,000
Fascists marched on Rome
demanding Mussolini be put
in charge of the government
The King of Italy believed
Mussolini and his “Far
Right” was the best hope
for his own troubled dynasty
to survive.
King Victor Emmanuel III
of Italy
Il Duce
“the leader”
King
Victor Emmanuel III
puts Mussolini in charge
of the government
EFFECTS
Mussolini
• abolished democracy;
• outlawed all political
parties but his own
Fascist party-based
on loyalty to the state
and obedience to the
leader.
• imposed Censorship;
• had opponents jailed;
• outlawed strikes;
• made allies with
the rich industrialists.
After Mussolini took power,
a foreign diplomat
returned to England
and remarked,
“He’s an actor,
a dangerous
rascal,
and possibly
slightly off his head.”
Hitler
In Germany, the dictator who rose to power was
CAUSES
Inspired by Mussolini’s
march on Rome, Hitler &
the Nazis decide to
overthrow the
government & seize
power in Munich
Germany
Event
Hitler is tried for treason
and sentenced to prison.
The Munich Beer Hall Putsch
November 9, 1923
Hitler, at 34, entered a Munich
beer-hall calling for a revolution against the Weimar Republic by his
Nazi followers. When faced with the opposing Army, Hitler and the
Nazis made a quick retreat, in which 16 Nazi’s died.
For this attempted overthrow of the government, Hitler received a
5 year prison sentence in a tightly controlled minimum-security
prison; after 9 months, he was set free on good behavior.
Hitler put his jail time to good use, finally sharing his ideas with the
world by writing Mein Kampf.
EFFECTS
In jail, Hitler writes
“Mein Kampf” (which
means My Struggle)
This book became
the plan of action for
the Nazis.
When the Great Depression hit, the German economy
collapsed and people began to look to Hitler for security
and leadership
1932 German leaders think they can use Hitler for
their goals. They name him Chancellor, or
president, giving him legal power in Germany.
1932 Hitler calls for new elections and turns
Germany into totalitarian state.
He arrests anyone who opposes him and develops
the SS (Schutzstaffel – protection squad.)
1936 Hitler put millions to work and decreased the
unemployment rate from 6million to 1.5million
CAUSES
Hitler wanted to
control every aspect of
German life and
shape public opinion
through propaganda.
Event
Hitler has books
burned in huge
bonfires.
Boys were forced to
join Hitler Youth. Girls
were forced to join the
League of German
Girls.
Hitler Youth march through Nuremberg,
Germany past Nazi officials.
EFFECTS
Hitler gained totalitarian
control – he silenced his
opposition & forced people
to accept only Nazi beliefs.
Books were burned,
Churches could not say
anything negative about the
Nazi Party, anti-Semitism
(hatred of Jews) increased.
Under the order of Joseph
Goebbels, Hitler's Minister
of Propaganda, Nazi gangs
(“Brown Shirts”) entered all
libraries and gathered books
that didn’t support the
“family values” of the
Fatherland, including books
by Thomas Mann, Jack
London, H. G. Wells,
Charles Dickens, Emile Zola
and those of Jewish writers.
CAUSES
Nazis used the Jews
as the reason for
Germany’s troubles.
Anti-Semitism was an
important part of Nazi
ideology.
Event
In 1933, the Nazi-controlled
German government passes
the “Nuremburg Laws” - laws
depriving Jews of their rights.
EFFECTS
Violence against Jews
increased.
Kristallnacht signaled
the real start of the
process of eliminating
Jews from German
life.
A synagogue
is set fire the
night of
Kristallnacht.
Above: Jewish citizens being
“relocated” to the ghetto.
Right: Germans pass by
damaged Jewish shops the
morning after Kristallnacht –
Night of the Broken Glass,
Nov. 9, 1938. Nazi groups
attacked Jews in their homes
and their businesses.
Militarists
In Japan the group who rose to power were the
20th c. begins with Militarists Taking over Japan
This Military-Industrial establishment pursues Imperialism in Asia.
1920 – Japan becomes democratic
1929 – The Great Depression leads Japanese to blame the government for their
economic troubles and begin to support the military leaders. They want to solve
their country’s problems by expanding and taking control of China.
The Militarists keep 24 year old
Emperor Hirohito, as head of state but
he is a puppet of the military.
1931 – Japanese military fully invades Manchuria despite objections from Japan’s
own Parliament. Why did the Japanese invade Manchuria?
1. To solve its economic problems (need for oil)
2. The army sets up a “puppet” govt. and begins to provide military protection to
Japanese business interests who arrive to build mines / factories.
This was the first direct challenge to the League of Nations.
1933 - Japan ignores the protests of the League of Nations & withdraws from the League
1937 Japan invades and conquers large parts of China.
1937 – Japan invades
China
What were the immediate results of this invasion?
The Chinese retreated and set up a new capital in the
south; Chinese guerilla fighters continued to fight in
the northern occupied area.
Japanese military killed tens of thousands of captured
soldiers and civilians in Nanjing.
The gruesome rapes and killings of
thousands in the city of Nanjing by
the invading Japanese military were
well-documented by invited
photographers.
Chinese civilians
at Nanking are
buried alive by
Japanese troops.
Japanese invaders
Buried alive more
than 1,000
elderly women
and children in a
huge pit.
All their hands were tied behind their backs.
Japanese commanders used killing
competitions as a way to boost morale. They
organized visiting and news reporters to
appraise the "winner". One killing competition
was reported by newspapers all over the world.
Heads of female victims in
Nanking.
Europe Attacks
Because the League of Nations did not stop the
Japanese, other leaders began to plan attacks of
their own.
1935 – Mussolini invades Ethiopia…Why?
- PROFIT: Mussolini wants to develop an Italian Empire in
Africa
- REVENGE: Bitter memories of Ethiopians defeating the
Italian army in the Battle of Adowa in 1896.
- WHY NOT? League of Nations had done nothing to stop
Japan
Why did Britain and France take no action against Italy?
Both hoped to “keep the peace” in Europe – dreading another War.
Ethiopian Emperor Hallie Selassie asked the League of Nations:
"What answer shall I take back to my people?" He said, "It is us
today, it will be you tomorrow." He ended by telling them, "God
and History shall remember your judgment." It was a historic
speech applauded around the world.
The League of Nations wanted to keep the peace in Europe so
they did nothing and allowed Mussolini to take control in Africa.
Ethiopian ruler
Halllie Selassie
inspects his men.
1935 -
Hitler is cheered after telling the Nazi-controlled
Parliament that Germany would no longer follow the
Treaty of Versailles’ restrictions.
He had already begun rebuilding Germany’s military.
The League of Nations issued only a mild warning.
Banners throughout Germany read,
“Today Germany! Tomorrow the World!”
1936 – German troops
move into the Rhineland
(land on either side of the
Rhine River between
Germany and France.)
What were some of the effects of appeasing
Hitler after his invasion of the Rhineland?
- Strengthened his power among the Germans;
- Tilted the balance of power in Europe in
Germany’s favor;
- Encouraged Hitler to speed up his military
and territorial expansion.
Spain had been a monarchy until 1931, when it then
became a republic.
Like all European nations, Spain’s economy suffered
during the Depression.
In 1936, army leaders supported a Fascist-styled leader in
Spain named Francisco Franco.
Civil War started.
1936 – Hitler & Mussolini lend troops, tanks, planes to help Spain’s Fascist
leader Francisco Franco and his Nationalists in Spain’s Civil War.
The liberal Republican government received little help from western democratic nations.
In fact, only the Soviet Union sent equipment and advisers to try to negotiate the conflict
in Spain.
1939 – Franco becomes Spanish dictator.
1935 – U.S. Congress passes first of
three Neutrality Acts.
Why did isolationists want these laws?
They hoped to keep the U.S. out
of another European War.
“Let it be resolved
that upon the outbreak
or during the progress of war
between, or among,
two or more foreign states,
the President shall proclaim such fact,
and it shall thereafter be unlawful
to export arms, ammunition,
or implements of war
to any port
of such beligerent states…
nor shall these United States
feel compelled to intercede
in such international tensions
as they unaffect us.”
- U.S. Neutrality Act, 1935
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
1935 – U.S. Congress passes first of
three Neutrality Acts
Why did isolationists want these laws?
They hoped to keep the U.S. out
of another European War.
Americans in the United States preferred
Isolationism – choosing to “stay out of the tensions between other countries”
RESULT: This official policy prevented the U.S. from taking an immediate
stand against the Aggressors which might have prevented war.
Britain and France chose
Appeasement – choosing to “give in to an aggressor in order to keep the peace”
RESULT: This policy only encouraged Japan, Italy, and Germany to keep taking
more…“give ‘em an inch; they take a mile”
Hitler’s growing military strength convinced Mussolini to seek an alliance with Germany
1936 – The two dictators sign the Rome-Berlin Axis agreement.
A month later Germany reaches an agreement with Japan.
Axis Powers – Germany, Japan, Italy
RESULT: Strengthened by their alliance, further aggression was sure to happen.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
1937 – Hitler plans to absorb Austria and
Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich – or, the new Germany
Empire.
Pic below: Hitler's car
passes through a
triumphant crowd
assembled in Vienna to
celebrate the Anschluss,
March 1938.
lebensraum (living space) for the German people
“The Treaty of Versailles prohibited Anschluss
(union of Austria and Germany).
However, many German-speaking Austrians
supported the idea.
In March, 1938 Hitler sent his army into
Austria and annexed it.
France and Belgium ignored a former pledge
to protect Austrian independence.
Followers of former Austrian
chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg
wait to be transported to a German
concentration camp during the mass
round-up that followed the Anschluss
of March 1938. They were never
seen again.
Schuschnigg and his followers had
tried to prevent the annexation.
Immediately after the
Anschluss, Nazis began a
brutal crackdown on Austrian
Jews, arresting them and
publicly humiliating them.
At right -- Austrian Nazis and local
residents watch as Jews are forced
to get on their hands and knees
and scrub the pavement.
1937 – Hitler plans to absorb Austria and
Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich.
Since WWI, Czechoslovakia had developed into a prosperous democracy with a strong
army and a defense treaty with France.
But 3 million German-speaking people lived in the Sudetenland - a western border
region of Czechoslovakia.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
1937 – Hitler plans to absorb Austria and
Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich.
“Since WWI, Czechoslovakia had developed into a prosperous democracy with a
strong army and a defense treaty with France.
But 3 million German-speaking people lived in the Sudetenland - a western border
region of Czechoslovakia.
This heavily fortified area also formed the Czech’s main defense against Germany.
Anschluss had only increased pro-Nazi feelings among the Sudeten Germans.
In September, 1938 Hitler demanded the Sudetenland be given to him.
The Czechs refused and asked France for help.
France and Britain were preparing for war when Mussolini decided to play
negotiator and proposed a meeting….in Munich Germany.
Why was the Munich Conference unsuccessful?
•
The Czechs were not even invited;
•
Britain’s Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain >>
thought he could appease Hitler and keep the
peace;
•
After Hitler was given Czechoslovakia he began
demanding Poland.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
An historic example of the failings of appeasement is that of the British prime
minister Neville Chamberlain, shown here upon his return from Munich with the
scrap of paper that was to ensure "peace in our time!”
One member of British Parliament was furious at what had
happened to the Czechs at the Munich Conference:
“You had a choice between war and dishonor and you chose
dishonor. You shall have war."
That Parliament member was Winston Churchill who will become
Britain’s next Prime Minister and carry the country through WWII.
When the German tanks rolled into
Czechoslovakia…
the Czech majority mourned as it
was forced to offer up the Nazi
salute,
“Heil Hitler!”
…while the Sudeten Germans cheered.
1938 - Ecstatic Sudeten girls in
traditional local costumes join in
welcoming the German soldiers.
At the end of
WWII, no
Jewish life in
Bohemia and
Moravia was
left. Out of the
90,000 Czech
Jews more
than 72,000
were deported
to Auschwitz
immediately.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
1939 – Germany and Russia
sign a Nonaggression Pact.
Why did Stalin sign an agreement with Fascist
Germany, once a bitter enemy?
Stalin felt Russia’s former allies – Britain, France, U.S.
– had snubbed him again and he resented having
been left out of the Munich Conference;
He also wanted to avoid another war in Germany since
the Soviet Union was in no way prepared for one.
The Secret Protocol was the agreement between
the Nazis and Soviets about what would take
place the moment Hitler invaded Poland.
For the Soviets, for agreeing to not join the possible
future war, Germany was giving the Soviets the
Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania).
Poland was also to be divided between the two.
The new territories gave the Soviet Union the buffer
(in land) that it wanted to feel safe from an
invasion from the West.
For the Nazis, when attacking Poland on September 1, 1939, the Soviets promised not to
interfere. This was the first time the Nazi’s had used blitzkrieg “lightning war”. It used fast
moving planes and tanks, huge amounts of soldiers, and surprise attacks to overwhelm the
enemy.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
On September 3, 1939, France and Great
Britain declared war on Germany and
World War II had begun.
On September 17, the Soviets rolled into
eastern Poland to occupy the land given to
them in the secret protocol with Germany.
The Fall of France
• On June 22, France signed a treaty with Germany,
agreeing to German occupation of northern France and
the coast.
– The French military was demobilized, and the French
government, now located at Vichy, in the south (and
headed by Marshall Henri Philippe Pétain), would
collaborate with the German authorities in occupied
France.
• Refusing to recognize defeat, General Charles de Gaulle
escaped to London and organized the Free French forces.
• Britain now stood alone against Germany.
The Battle of
Britain
• Hitler expected Great Britain to make peace, however,
led by a new Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, they
refused to surrender.
• Hitler proceeded with invasion plans. The Luftwaffe
(Germany’s air force) began bombing Great Britain to
destroy its air defenses.
• Britain stayed strong despite horrible destruction to
English cities.
– The British resistance convinced Hitler to postpone the
invasion but he continued the bombing attacks.
Erwin Rommel: “Desert
Fox” German General who
led the Axis attack on North
Africa.
Bernard Montgomery – British commander
who launched Battle of El-Alamein, in which
Rommel’s army was defeated.
Battle of El Alamein –
Forced Rommel’s forces to
retreat westward from
Egypt. Allies safeguard the
Suez Canal.
Invasion of the Soviet Union
• It was then that Hitler made his big mistake. He invaded
the Soviet Union.
– The end of Bolshevism was a key part of Hitler’s ideology; but,
it was a gigantic military mistake.
• On June 22, 1941, Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa,
which included an army of 4 million men spread out along a
2,000-mile front in three huge groups.
• The German army quickly advanced, but at a terrifying cost.
Over the next 3 years 500,000 German soldiers would die
here.
JAPAN SEEKS A PACIFIC EMPIRE
1920s : A country overcrowded and short of resources
Military Leaders begin to seek an Empire
1931 : Japan takes over Manchuria
1937 : Japan invades China – Chinese resistance causes prolonged war;
Plan to pursue resources in European colonies of Southeast Asia
1940 : U.S. cracks Japanese secret code and discovers plan to attack
Southeast Asia; fears loss of U.S.-controlled Philippines & Guam
1941 : January - U.S. begins to aid Chinese
June – Japan moves into French Indochina
July – U.S. President Roosevelt cuts off oil shipments to
Japan
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
CH 32: Section 2 – “The Surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor” Text p. 827; Packet p. 4
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto,
Japan’s great naval strategist, argued that the U.S. fleet
in Hawaii was “a dagger pointed at our throat,” and must
be destroyed.
Although Yamamoto argued for the attack on Pearl Harbor, he held no illusions about
the war’s final outcome. He admitted to an aide,
“In the first six to twelve months of a war with the United States and Britain,
I will run wild and win victory after victory.
After that, I have no expectation of success.”
Video clip, America in the 20th Century: World War II: The Road to War / Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
Japanese
Approach to
Pearl Harbor:
Dec. 7, 1941
The Imperial
Japanese Navy
fleet attacking
Pearl Harbor
launched a total
of 423 aircraft in
two waves
against American
military targets
on the Hawaiian
Island of Oahu.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
Attack on
Pearl Harbor:
Dec. 7, 1941
Commander
Fuchida led the
first wave of
torpedo bombers
against the US
Pacific Fleet
ships at anchor
in Pearl Harbor.
Their first
objective was to
strike at the
battleships.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
“The Surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor”
Bombing of Pearl Harbor
U.S. Casualties:
2,400 killed
1,100 wounded
a.
b.
Japanese launched a surprise attack, sinking or
damaging almost the entire U. S. Pacific fleet.
U.S. declares war on Japan.
CONNECTING PAST & PRESENT
Following the Terrorist Attack of September 11, 2001,
many in the United States found obvious comparisons
with the attack on Pearl Harbor sixty years earlier.
In both instances, the United States admitted knowing
from coded messages that such an attack might come
But they did not know when or where it would
occur.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
“December 7, 1941…
A Day That Will Live in Infamy.”
~ President Franklin D. Roosevelt
declaring War on Japan before the U.S. Congress
December 8, 1941.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
“The Tide of Japanese Victories”
Fall of Southeast Asian
colonies.
Hong Kong, Malaya,
Dutch Indonesia,
Singapore, Burma
a.
Through a planned series of attacks in the Pacific,
Japan seized control of rich European colonies.
b.
Helped Japan replenish depleted resources and cut
China off from its supply route through Burma.
Before they moved in and conquered,
the Japanese dropped leaflets proclaiming their
anti-colonialist message, “Asia for Asians.”
After victory, however, the Japanese quickly made
it clear that they had come as conquerors…in
fact, native Asian people often received the same
treatment as western POWs…such as those
taken on the Bataan Death March.
Textbook, p. 828
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
CH 32: Section 2 – “The Tide of Japanese Victories” Text p. 828; Packet p. 4
Bataan Death March
Known as “The Rock,”
the island fortress
of Corregidor
in Manila Bay
was the last U.S. position
in the Philippines to
surrender to the Japanese.
For a month
after the fall of Bataan,
13,000 American and Filipino
troops held out in a concrete
cave called Malinta Tunnel.
Video clip, teacher’s personal library,
“The Bataan Death March”
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
. . . Bataan Death March
At dawn April 9, 1942, Major General Edward P. King, Jr.,
surrendered more than 75,000 starving and diseaseridden American soldiers, sailors, and Marines and their
Filipino allies, to overwhelming Japanese forces.
He asked the
Japanese colonel to
whom he surrendered
his pistol whether
the Americans
and Filipinos
would be well treated.
The Japanese colonel replied: “We are not
barbarians.”
The next 14 days
would prove otherwise.
. . . Bataan Death March
August, 1942
The men were marched
65 miles into Japanese Prisoner-of-War
camps.
The 75,000 prisoners of war were bound, beaten, or killed by their Japanese
captors. Some were stabbed when they fell from exhaustion. Some were
forced to dig their own graves and were buried alive.
Only 56,000 prisoners reached
camp alive. Thousands of them
later died from malnutrition and
disease.
In August, 1945, the Russian Army
liberated the prison camp.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
“The Allies Strike Back”
Doolittle’s raid on Japan.
a.
April, 1942
b.
As revenge for Pearl Harbor, U.S. sent sixteen
B-25 bombers to bomb Japanese cities.
Showed that Japan could be attacked
and raised American morale.
James H. Doolittle 1896–1993, American aviator,
from Alameda, Calif.
Doolittle commanded the first bombers that raided
Tokyo and other Japanese cities (Apr. 18, 1942) from the
aircraft carrier Hornet.
He later headed the North African Strategic Air Forces and led the 8th Air Force in its
massive attacks on Germany.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
“The Allies Turn the Tide of War”
May, 1942
An American fleet
with Australian support
intercepts a Japanese
strike force on its way to
Port Moresby in
the Coral Sea…
CORAL
SEA
…the United States had
installed a critical Allied air
base here…
should the Japanese take
it, they could easily take
Australia.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
“The Allies Turn the Tide of War”
Battle of
the Coral Sea.
May, 1942
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
a.
Following an interception of Japanese attack on Port Moresby,
Japanese and American naval fleets fought to a tie.
b.
US introduced a new kind of naval warfare, using only airplanes
taking off from huge ships. The Americans lost more ships than
the Japanese, but successfully stopped Japanese expansion
southward.
June, 1942
Another Japanese code was broken and their next target was realized – the key
American airfield on Midway island.
U.S. Pacific Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz knew the largest naval force ever
assembled, 150 Japanese ships, were heading for Midway to finish off the U.S. crippled
fleet – and on the lead Japanese flagship was Admiral Yamamoto himself.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
June, 1942
U.S. Pacific Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz
was outnumbered four to one in ships and planes. Even so, he set his
ambush for the Japanese. On June 4, with American forces hiding
beyond the horizon, Nimitz allowed the enemy to launch the first
strike. Once the Japanese planes had lifted off to strike the island,
Nimitz ordered American planes to swoop in and attack the Japanese
fleet. American pilots destroyed 332 Japanese planes, all four aircraft
carriers, and one support ship. Yamamoto and his flagship withdrew.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
“The Battle of Midway”
Battle of
Midway.
a.
“The Americans had
avenged Pearl Harbor,”
commented a
Japanese official.
An American carrier with planes defeated a Japanese
fleet ready to attack Midway Island, a key American
airfield.
b.
This battle reversed the war in the Pacific against the
Japanese.
American pilots view
of the Japanese air raid
on Midway Island
beginning June 4,
1942..
“The Battle of Midway”
Crew of U.S. Army Air Force
First Lieutenant James Muri's
B-26, who made a torpedo
attack on a Japanese aircraft
carrier during the early morning
battle.
The plane had more than
500 bullet holes when it landed
at Midway following this action.
T.W. Loessin, Akins H.S.
General Douglas MacArthur was commander of the Allied
forces in the Pacific.
Believing that trying to storm each island in the Pacific would be a
long, costly effort…
He proposed an “island-hopping” strategy he would bypass the Japanese,
seize the islands LEAST heavily
defended
but closest to Japan,
establish bases there,
then use air power
to cut Japanese supply
lines.
Read
History
Makers,
p. 934
The U.S. learns the
Japanese are building a
huge naval base on
Guadalcanal in the Solomon
Islands.
They had to strike fast
before it was completed.
August 7, 1942
19,000 Marines with
Australian support surprise
the Japanese who radioed
to Tokyo,
“Enemy forces
overwhelming! We will
defend our posts
to the death!”
The battle for the island
turned into a savage
struggle.
February, 1943
After 6 months of fighting
on land and at sea, the Battle of
Guadalcanal ended.
After losing 23,000 men
out of 36,000, the Japanese
abandoned the island they
called
“the island of Death.”
WWII Part 3
“The Allies Go on the Offensive”
Marines survey
bodies of
Japanese soldiers
covering the
battleground of
Edson's Ridge.
“The Allies Go on the Offensive”
A Guadalcanal
native pays tribute
to American war
dead on the island.
- August, 1946.
Turning Points of the War
•
•
•
•
•
Operation Torch
Battle of Stalingrad
Invasion of Italy
D-Day
Battle of the Bulge
1. Battle of El Alamein – Forced Rommel’s
forces to retreat westward from Egypt. Allies
safeguard the Suez Canal.
2. Operation Torch – Landing of American
troops in North Africa; finally ending Rommel’s
N.Africa campaign.
Bernard Montgomery – British commander
who launched Battle of El-Alamein, in which
Rommel’s army was defeated.
Erwin Rommel: “Desert
Fox” German General who
led the North African
campaign.
Battle of Stalingrad – Put German forces on the
defensive with the Soviets, pushing them westward.
T. Loessin; Akins High School
Invasion of Italy – Roosevelt and Churchill
decide to attack Italy. They captured Sicily and
Mussolini fell from power.
Il Duce “the leader” …
…his own Italian people
now hang him.
http://www.bibl.uszeged.hu/bibl/mil/ww2/map/olasz_anim.ht
ml
T. Loessin; Akins High School
Mobilization In the U.S.
• The war effort required all of America’s huge
productive capacity and full employment of the
workforce.
– Government expenditures soared.
• U.S. budget increases
– 1940 $9 million
– 1944 $100 million
– Expenditures in WWII greater than all previous
government budgets combined (150 years)
Propaganda on the home fronts – Rallied people
on the Homefront to do their part to support the
war effort.
Women in the factories
“Rosie the Riveter”
Victory Gardens
Rationing
Hollywood “Buy Bonds” drive / prowar films / Stars go overseas for
troops / Civil Defense precautions
Censorship / Mail read at Japanese
Internment camps
What was Operation Cornflake?
These stamps were key part of a
high level plan to undermine the
morale of the average German
citizen. The Allies felt that if many
German people started receiving
Anti-Nazi propaganda in their
morning mail delivered punctually
at breakfast time by the mailman,
they would feel that their "German
Empire" was falling apart from
within.
D-Day Invasion – “Operation Overlord”
June 6, 1944
The Allies invaded the beaches of Normandy, France in the
largest land and sea attack in history
Opened up the planned second front in Europe …
(something Stalin had been asking
Churchill & Roosevelt to do since 1941)
… and freed France, Belgium, and much of
the Netherlands from the Nazis.
Dwight D. Eisenhower – American general who
led the D-Day invasion.
General Eisenhower
rallies paratroopers prior
to the Normandy
invasion.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/launch_ani_campaign_maps.shtml
Battle of the Bulge – Allies moved toward Germany from the east and the
west. Hitler attacked the American and British armies hoping to divide
them. At first this German offensive forced Allies to retreat; but soon they
stopped the Germans. This resulted in heavy losses for Hitler.
The Germans retreat.
Germans run out of gas
and come to the end of the
road!
T. Loessin; Akins High School
On April 25, 1945 the Soviets surrounded
Germany’s capital.
On April 29, 1945 Adolph Hitler married his
long-time girlfriend Eva Braun.
On April 30, 1945 Hitler and Braun commit
suicide. Their bodies are carried outside and
burned
On May 9, 1945 Germany surrenders
unconditionally known as V-E Day
V – E day = May 9,
1945
“Victory in Europe”
While Londoners wave Union Jacks,
"out of work" American bombers
return to their English base on May 8,
1945.
T. Loessin; Akins High School
V – E day = May 9, 1945
“Victory in Europe”
Celebrations in
New York’s Times Square
T. Loessin; Akins High School
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Dies April 12, 1945
He was 63.
President Roosevelt did not live to
see this victory. He passed away
suddenly on April 12, 1945.
He will best be remembered for
• his development of the New Deal
program
• for helping America out of the
great depression
• for his determination to help Allied
nations defeat Hitler in WWII
• and his ideas that inspired the
foundation of the United Nations
Organization.
F.D.R. at 60.
T. Loessin; Akins High School
War in the Pacific Continues
MacArthur keeps his promise and
returns to the Philippines
T. Loessin; Akins High School
Battle of Leyte Gulf – October 23-27, 1944 MacArthur and the Allies
wiped out the Japanese navy.
This beautiful monument
is dedicated to the
memory of Vice Admiral
Clifton A. F. Sprague and
the 13 ships and 7,300
men of Task Unit 77.4.3,
also known as Taffy 3,
which were under his
command during the
furious and heroic naval
action fought off the
island of Samar on
October 25, 1944, during
the Battle for Leyte Gulf.
War in the Pacific Continues
Battle of Okinawa – Japanese used kamikaze pilots (suicide pilots) to sink
ships. In March 1945, after a month of fighting American Marines took control
of Iwo Jima. On April 1 they entered Okinawa. On June 21, the battle ended.
The Japanese had lost 100,000 troops, the US 12,000.
The famous Iwo Jima moment…
U.S. marines planting the flag on the
beach…
the actual photo below,
the memorial in Arlington Cemetery,
Washington D.C. at right.
Atom
Diplomacy
• FDR had funded the top-secret Manhattan
Project to develop an atomic bomb
• Dr. Robert Oppenheimer successfully tested in
the summer of 1945.
• FDR had died on April 12, 1945, and the
decision was left to Harry Truman.
Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki –July 16, 1945 first A-bomb
exploded in New Mexico desert. President Truman warns the
Japanese to surrender or expect attack. Japan does not answer, so
On Aug. 6 the US plane Enola Gay drops A-bomb on Hiroshima
killing 70-80,000 people.
On Aug. 9 the US bombs Nagasaki killing 70,000 more people.
_______
August 6, 1945
______
August 9, 1945
Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer headed the new
U.S. laboratory built to design an atomic bomb.
Oppenheimer recommended a remote site in New
Mexico for the new facility, where project scientists,
many of them world-famous, could work together in
complete secrecy. The Los Alamos Laboratory
was opened in April 1943.
Within a few seconds the thousands of people in the streets and the gardens in the
“I could see below the mushroom cloud…the thing reminded me more of a boiling
center of the town were scorched by a wave of searing heat. Many were killed instantly,
pot of tar than any other description I can give. It was black and boiling underneath
others lay writhing on the ground, screaming in agony from the intolerable pain of their
with a steam haze on top of it…We had seen the city when we flew in, and there
burns. Everything standing upright in the way of the blast, walls, houses, factories, and
was nothing to see when we came back. It was covered by this boiling, blackother buildings, was annihilated.
~ Japanese journalist, August 6, 1945.
looking mass.”
~ Col. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr. (pilot, Enola Gay)
8:15 a.m.
Hiroshima, Japan
August 6, 1945
Atomic bomb survivor. 1945
This patient's skin is burned in a pattern corresponding to the dark portions of
a kimono worn at the time of the explosion. U.S. National Archives & Records
Administration,
Washington D.C.
Years after WWII,
President Harry S. Truman
was asked if he had
difficulty making the
decision to use this new
weapon. He responded
without hesitation,
“Hell no. I made it just like
that.”
And he snapped his
fingers. T. Loessin; Akins High School
V-J Day: September 2, 1945
(Victory over Japan)
The Japanese Emperor Hirohito surrendered to
General Douglas MacArthur aboard the U.S.S.
Missouri battleship docked in Tokyo Bay…
…oddly, on the same day WWII had
officially begun in Europe
6 years earlier
when Hitler invaded Poland.
T. Loessin; Akins High School
V – J day = Sept. 2, 1945
“Victory in Japan”
Celebrations in
New York’s Times Square
T. Loessin; Akins High School
Cost of War
• Germany- 3 million combat deaths (3/4ths on the
eastern front)
• Japan – over 1.5 million combat deaths; 900,000
civilians dead
• Soviet Union - 13 million combat deaths
• U.S. – 300,000 combat deaths, over 100,000 other
deaths
• When you include all combat and civilian deaths,
World War II becomes the most destructive war in
history with estimates as high as 60 million, including
25 million Russians.
Note three ways WWII affected the land and people of Europe.
Destroyed hundreds of major cities, factories, farmland,
and utilities
resulting in a
ruined economy,
shortages,
hunger, disease,
unemployment,
and destroyed lives.
Note three political problems postwar governments now faced.
Displaced persons, discredited governments,
lack of political leadership,
threat of Communist (USSR) takeovers.
T. Loessin; Akins High School
Post – WWII
A Germany divided.
Wall line between West- and East-Berlin
Note one way the Allies dealt with the Holocaust.
Put the Nazis on trial for “crimes against
humanity” – the first ever War Crimes
Tribunal was held in Nuremberg,
Germany…
…ironically, the place where Hitler
first put his anti-Semitic Nuremberg
laws into action back in 1933.
The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials :
23 Allied nations brought
22 Nazi officials to court
in 1945-46.
Photo credit:
National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
Note two effects of Allied bombing raids on Japan.
Destroyed numerous cities, shattered the economy, caused deaths of 2 million people.
In the background
are the remains of
a Roman Catholic
cathedral on a hill
in Nagasaki, Japan
following the
atomic blast of
Aug. 9, 1945.
U.S. Occupation of Japan:
A few days after the surrender of Japan to the Allies, a dignified but defeated
Hirohito paid a visit to General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander of
the Allied Forces.
MacArthur arranged for this one
photo to be taken, sending the
Japanese people a clear message
that their Emperor was, in fact, a
small man, and leaving no doubt
about who was in charge.
Hirohito was not executed for his
war crimes, because the Allies
felt that as a symbolic Emperor,
he could be useful to them in
carrying out their plans for postwar Japan.
Under MacArthur's advice, Hirohito announced that he was not a god, but merely a
normal man. MacArthur and the Americans prepared a new Constitution for Japan
which is still in use today.
T. Loessin; Akins High School
Note three ways U.S. occupation changed Japan.
Democratization – a government elected by the people was created;
[The former Empire was now a parliamentary democracy much like
Britain.]
Huge land estate owners were forced to sell lands to former tenant
farmers
Demilitarization - standing army was disbanded, preventing Japan
from ever again making war.
25 Surviving War Crimes defendants brought to trial. Premier Tojo
and six others sentenced to hanging.
Independent labor unions were formed.
[Contrary to common misconception, the United States (still bitter
about Pearl Harbor) offered very little money to help rebuild Japan.
Only 2 billion dollars directed toward emergency relief in Hiroshima
and Nagasaki.]
T. Loessin; Akins High School
Note three provisions in Japan’s new constitution.
A two-house Parliament (the Diet) elected by the people;
Elections held for all persons over 20, including women.
A Prime Minister elected by majority in the Diet;
A Bill of Rights protecting basic freedoms;
Article 9 – stipulates that Japan can never again make war;
only defend itself if attacked.
In September 1951 the US and 47 other nations signed a formal
peace treaty with Japan to officially end the war. 6 months later
US occupation of Japan was over. The US and Japan were
now allies.
T. Loessin; Akins High School
Postwar
Reality
• Consequences of World War II
– Soviet Union and U.S. become the world’s
2 major powers.
– Unlike the isolation after WWI, the U.S.
was involved in world affairs
– The triumph of Communists in China