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WORLD WAR II
wwII (1939-1945)
• War pulled the US out of depression and
boosted our economy…WHY?
• Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan,
Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria)
VS
• Allied Powers (U.S., Britain, USSR, France,
Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China,
Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New
Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa,
Yugoslavia).
Causes
• German resentment of the Treaty of
Versailles and the League of Nations.
• Germany’s poor economy and living
situation after WWI.
• Hitler’s rise to power.
• Hitler’s alliances and subsequent invasions
and violations of the treaty.
• Inability of the League of Nations to stop
him.
Main Axis Power Leaders
• Adolf Hitler, Emperor Hirohito and Benito Mussolini.
Adolf Hitler
“Fuhrer”
(leader/guide)
Hitler Gets Busy
• Gestapo Created -- April, 1933
• Creates Hitler Youth
• Jewish Business Boycott – April, 1933
• Jewish Books Banned & Burned – May, 1933
Scapegoats, Anti-Semitism, Kristallnacht “Night
of Broken Glass,” pogroms, stars, ghettos.
Aryan beliefs, genetic experimentation,
sterilization.
• 27,000 People in Camps – July, 1933
• 60,000 People in Camps – 1938
The Holocaust
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Ghetto- Cattle Cars
Means-slaughter or sacrifice by fire
Labor Camps vs. Death Camps
Gas Chambers and Crematoriums
Jews in Hiding
Memoirs and Primary Sources, Eli Wiesel
German Territorial Gains
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Austria – March, 1938
Border of Czechoslovakia – Sept., 1938
All of Czechoslovakia – March, 1939
Poland – Sept., 1939
By Summer of 1940, Germany Controlled Most of Europe
• World shocked as France falls to Germans
Pearl Harbor
Dec. 7, 1941
* Why did the Japanese attack
Pearl Harbor? *
• The ENTIRE Pacific fleet was stationed at Pearl
Harbor; the Japanese felt that if they could cripple
the Pacific fleet, it would allow them to move
freely throughout the Pacific ocean!
• The US had imposed an oil trade embargo against
Japan.
Kamikaze Beliefs were that
death/suicide in battle was
honorable. This was derived
from the beliefs of the ancient
Samurai of Japan.
Battle Sequence
• 5 PHASE ATTACK BY JAPANESE…
(as noted by the U.S. Navy)
• PHASE 1: Combined torpedo plane and dive bomber attacks lasting from
7:55 a.m. to 8:25 a.m.
• PHASE 2: Lull in attacks lasting from 8:25 - 8:40 a.m.
• PHASE 3: Horizontal bomber attacks from 8:40 – 9:15 a.m.
• PHASE 4: Dive bomber attacks between 9:15-9:45 a.m.
• PHASE 5: Warning of attacks and completion of raid after 9:45 a.m.
Eyewitness Account
• Commander Mitsuo Fuchida
• “Veering right toward the west coast of the island, we could
see that the sky over Pearl Harbor was clear. Presently the
harbor itself bacame visible across the central Oahu plain, a
film of morning mist hovering over it. I peered intently
through my binoculars at the ships riding peacefully at anchor.
One by one I counted them. Yes, the battleships were there all
right, eight of them! But our last lingering hope of finding any
carriers prestent was now gone. Not one was to be seen.”
Warfare Used During Attack
• Japan
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81 Fighter Planes
135 Dive Bombers
104 Horizontal Bombers
40 Torpedo Planes
At least 5 Midget Submarines
Warfare (continued)
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United States
108 Fighter Planes (59 not available for flight)
35 Army Bombers (27 not available for flight)
993 Army/Navy Antiaircraft Guns
American War Plane. One type from the Pearl Harbor attack.
Casualties
Japan
- Less then 100 men
- 29 planes
- 5 midget submarines
United States
- 2,335 servicemen killed, 68 civilians killed, 1,178 wounded
- 188 planes
- 18 ships (8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3 destroyers, 4 other vessels)
Damages
USS Arizona
USS Arizona Burning: 1,100+ servicemen
died on the ship
Eyewitness Account
• Marine Corporal E.C. Nightingale
• “I was about three quarters of the way to the first platform on
the mast when it seemed as though a bomb struck our
quarterdeck. I could hear shrapnel or fragments whistling past
me. As soon as I reached the first platform, I saw Second
Lieutenant Simonson lying on his back with blood on his shirt
front. I bent over him…He was dead…”
Eyewitness Account
• Lt. Ruth Erickson, USN (Nurse)
• “The first patient came into our dressing room at 8:25
a.m. with a large opening in his abdomen and bleeding
profusely. They started an intravenous and
transfusion. I can still see the tremor of Dr. Brunson’s
hand as he picked up the needle. Everyone was
terrified. The patient died within the hour.”
Effects/Outcome
• Japan dealt a seemingly crippling blow to the U.S. Pacific fleet
(U.S. Pacific Fleet aircraft carriers: Lexington, Enterprise, &
Saratoga were not in port)
• Japan began their quest for a Pacific empire
• The U.S. finally was forced to join World War II (“The
Sleeping Giant was awakened”)
• The U.S. & Great Britain declare war on Japan (Dec. 8, 1941)
• Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S. (Dec. 11, 1941)
December 8, 1941 FDR Speech
“Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - A date which will live in infamy –
the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately
attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.”
FDR Infamy Speech
Doolittle Raid
Read About the Facts of the Doolittle Raid on the following website.
• http://doolittleraider.com/
• Read about the 4 surviving veterans.
Answer the following questions:
What exactly was the Doolittle Raid?
Why was the Doolittle Raid important to the US?
Why were the airmen who participated considered heroes?
US Pearl Harbor Memorial looks over the wreckage of the
USS Arizona.
MOBILIZING FOR DEFENSE
• After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, they
thought America would avoid further
conflict with them
• The Japan Times newspaper said America
was “trembling in their shoes”
• But if America was trembling, it was with
rage, not fear
• “Remember Pearl Harbor” was the
rallying cry as America entered WWII
Allies United:
U.S.S.R (Stalin), England (Churchhill)and
The U.S. (FDR)
AMERICANS RUSH TO ENLIST
• After Pearl Harbor five
million Americans enlisted to
fight in the war
• The Selective Service
expanded the draft and
eventually provided an
additional 10 million soldiers
WOMEN JOIN THE FIGHT
• Army Chief of Staff General
George Marshall pushed for the
formation of the Women’s
Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)
and (WAVES) Women Accepted
for Volunteer Emergency Service.
• Under this program women
worked in non-combat roles such
as nurses, ambulance drivers,
radio operators, and pilots.
Women of WWII
• Off to work
• “Rosie the Riveter”
• Bomber Girls/Factory Girls
• Many kept these jobs after
WWII
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is a Riveter?
Analyze the first picture on the left. How does this Rosie look?
How is the Rosie on the right different?
Which image do you think effected the public and women more? Why?
LABOR’S CONTRIBUTION
• By 1944, nearly 18 million
workers were laboring in war
industries (3x the # in 1941)
• More than 6 million of these
were women and nearly 2
million were minority
ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT
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Despite discrimination at home, minority
populations contributed to the war effort
1,000,000 African Americans served in the
military
300,000 Mexican-Americans
33,000 Japanese Americans
25,000 Native Americans
13,000 Chinese Americans
A PRODUCTION MIRACLE
• Americans converted their auto
industry into a war industry
• The nation’s automobile plants
began to produce tanks, planes,
boats, and command cars
• Many other industries also
converted to war-related supplies
MOBILIZATION OF SCIENTISTS
• In 1941, FDR created the Office of
Scientific Research and
Development (OSRD) to bring
scientists into the war effort
• Focus was on radar and sonar to
locate submarines
• Also the scientists worked on
penicillin and pesticides like DDT
MANHATTAN PROJECT
• The most important achievement
was the secret development of the
atomic bomb.
• Einstein wrote to FDR warning
him that the Germans were
attempting to develop such a
weapon
• The code used to describe
American efforts to build the
bomb was the “Manhattan
Project”
WAR PRODUCTION BOARD
• To ensure the troops had ample
resources, FDR created the WPB
• The WPB decided which
companies would convert to
wartime production and how to
best get raw materials to those
industries.
COLLECTION DRIVES
• The WPB also organized
nationwide drives to collect scrap
iron, tin cans, paper, rags and
cooking fat for recycling
• Additionally, the OPA set up a
system of rationing
• Households had set allocations of
scarce goods – gas, meat, shoes,
sugar, coffee
Wind Talkers
•“Wind Talkers” were Navajo Native
Americans who served in the military
during WWII.
•The Axis Powers kept cracking US army
code language.
•This was dangerous because the enemy
could get our secret info/plans.
•Their job was to interpret and send
code in their Navajo language. Because it
was a language native to the US, the Axis
powers could not break the code.
Victory Gardens
• People were urged to grow
their own vegetables. That
way, larger farms could
produce food for the war
cause. Rationing and these
gardens helped the US keep
an adequate food supply.
War Bonds
• As in previous wars, citizens could buy war bonds
and also stamps to help fund the war.
WWII Poster
encouraging
conservation
THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC
• After America’s entry into the war, Hitler
was determined to prevent foods and war
supplies from reaching Britain and the
USSR from America’s east coast
• He ordered submarine raids on U.S. ships
on the Atlantic
• During the first four months of 1942
Germany sank 87 U.S. ships
The power of the German submarines was great, and in
two months' time almost two million tons of Allied ships
were resting on the ocean floor. Efforts were soon made
to restrict German subs' activities.
TUSKEGEE AIRMEN
• Among the brave men who fought
were pilots of the all-black 99th
squadron – the Tuskegee Airmen
• The pilots made numerous
effective strikes against Germany
and won two distinguished Unit
Citations
In May 1943, the 99th Squadron, the first group of African-American pilots trained at the
Tuskegee Institute, were deployed to fight.
ALLIES LIBERATE EUROPE
Allies sent fake
coded messages
indicating they
would attack here
• As the Allies were battling for Italy, they also began plans on a dramatic invasion of France
to drive out the Germans.
• It was known as “Operation Overlord” and the commander was American General Dwight
D. Eisenhower
• Also called “D-Day,” the operation involved 3 million U.S. & British troops and was set for
June 6, 1944
The D in D-Day merely stands for “Day.” This coded
designation was used for the day of any important
invasion or military operation. For military planners, the
days before and after a D-Day were indicated using
plus and minus signs: D-4 meant four days before a DDay, while D+7 meant seven days after a D-Day.
D-DAY JUNE 6,
1944
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/d-day
D-Day was an amphibious landing – soldiers going
from sea to land
• D-Day was the largest landsea-air operation in military
history.
• 156,000 American, British and
Canadian forces landed on
five beaches along a 50-mile
stretch of the heavily fortified
coast of France’s Normandy
region.
• Despite air support, German
retaliation was brutal –
especially at Omaha Beach
• Within a month, the Allies had
landed 1 million troops,
567,000 tons of supplies and
170,000 vehicles
OMAHA BEACH 6/6/44
Landing at Normandy
Planes drop paratroopers behind enemy lines at Normandy, France
Losses were
extremely
heavy on DDay
FRANCE FREED
• By September 1944, the Allies had
freed France, Belgium and
Luxembourg
• That good news – and the
American’s people’s desire not to
“change horses in midstream” –
helped elect FDR to an
unprecedented 4th term
General George Patton (right) was
instrumental in Allies freeing France
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
• In October 1944, Americans
captured their first German town
(Aachen)– the Allies were closing in
• Hitler responded with one last ditch
massive offensive
• Hitler hoped breaking through the
Allied line would break up Allied
supply lines
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
• The battle raged for a month – the
Germans had been pushed back
• Little seemed to have changed, but in fact
the Germans had sustained heavy losses
• Germany lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks
and 1,600 planes
• From that point on the Nazis could do
little but retreat
The Battle of the Bulge was Germany’s last
gasp
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LIBERATION OF DEATH
While the British and AmericansCAMPS
moved westward into Germany,
the Soviets moved eastward into
German-controlled Poland
• The Soviets discovered many
death camps that the Germans
had set up within Poland
• The Americans also liberated Nazi
death camps within Germany
ALLIES TAKE BERLIN; HITLER
COMMITS SUICIDE
• By April 25, 1945, the Soviet army had
stormed Berlin
• In his underground headquarters in Berlin,
Hitler prepared for the end
• On April 29, he married his longtime
girlfriend Eva Braun then wrote a last note in
which he blamed the Jews for starting the war
and his generals for losing it
• The next day he gave poison to his wife and
shot himself
• Germany Surrenders
May 7, 1945
V-E DAY
• General Eisenhower accepted the
unconditional surrender of the
Third Reich
• On May 8, 1945, the Allies
celebrated V-E Day – victory in
Europe Day
• The war in Europe was finally
over
Famous picture
of an American
soldier
celebrating the
end of the war
FDR DIES; TRUMAN PRESIDENT
• President Roosevelt
did not live to see V-E
Day
• On April 12, 1945, he
suffered a stroke and
died– his VP Harry S
Truman became the
nation’s 33rd president
ATOMIC BOMB
DEVELOPED
• Japan had a huge army that would
defend every inch of the Japanese
mainland
• So Truman decided to use a
powerful new weapon developed
by scientists working on the
Manhattan Project – the Atomic
Bomb
U.S. DROPS TWO
ATOMIC BOMBS ON
JAPAN
• Truman warned Japan in late July
1945 that without a immediate
Japanese surrender, it faced
“prompt and utter destruction”
• On August 6 (Hiroshima) and August
9 (Nagasaki) a B-29 bomber dropped
Atomic Bombs on Japan
The plane and crew that dropped an atomic
bomb on Hiroshima, Japan
August 6, 1945
HIROSHIMA
August 9, 1945
NAGASAKI
Little Boy
• Enola Gay dropped “Little Boy” on
Hiroshima on August 6, 1945
• 4.5 tons
• 1 min.: 66,000 -69,000 killed
• 43 seconds – the city did not exist
• Bombs only used 1/10th of 1% of their
respective explosive capabilities.
• Japan still did not surrender
• Leukemia in children born post WWII.
Fat Man
• 3 days after “Little Boy” was
dropped, “Fat Man” was
dropped on Nagasaki
– 39,000 killed instantly
– By the end of the year, 200,000
had died of injuries and/or
radiation
The Atomic Bomb at
Hiroshima
Effects of the Bombs
Keloids
JAPAN SURRENDERS
• Japan surrendered days
after the second atomic
bomb was dropped
• General MacArthur said,
“Today the guns are silent.
The skies no longer rain
death . . .the entire world is
quietly at peace.”
At the White House, President Harry Truman announces
the Japanese surrender, August 14, 1945
NUREMBERG WAR TRIALS
Herman Goering, Hitler's right-hand man and chief architect of the
German war effort, testifies at his trial. He was found guilty of war crimes
but avoided execution by swallowing potassium cyanide.
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The discovery of Hitler’s death camps led the Allies to put 24 surviving Nazi leaders on trial for
crimes against humanity, crimes against the peace, and war crimes
The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany
“I was only following orders” was not an acceptable defense as 12 of the 24 were sentenced to death
and the others to life in prison
THE HOME FRONT
• The war provided a lift to the U.S.
economy
• Jobs were abundant and despite
rationing and shortages, people had
money to spend
• By the end of the war, America was
the world’s dominant economic and
military power
Captain America was created
during WWII.
ECONOMIC GAINS
• Unemployment fell to only
1.2% by 1944 and wages rose
35%
• Farmers too benefited as
production doubled and
income tripled.
INTERNMENT OF JAPANESE
AMERICANS
• When the war began, 120,000
Japanese Americans lived in the U.S.
– mostly on the West Coast
• After Pearl Harbor, many people
were suspicious of possible spy
activity by Japanese Americans
• In 1942, FDR ordered Japanese
Americans into 10 “relocation
centers.”
Japanese Americans felt the sting of
discrimination during WWII
Location of the 10
Internment
camps
Jerome Camp in Arkansas
U.S. PAYS REPARATIONS TO
JAPANESE
• In the late 1980s, President Reagan
signed into law a bill that provided
$20,000 to every Japanese American sent
to a relocation camp
• The checks were sent out in 1990 along
with a note from President Bush saying,
“We can never fully right the wrongs of
the past . . . we now recognize that serious
wrongs were done to Japanese Americans
during WWII.”
Today the U.S. is home to more than
1,000,000 Japanese-Americans
Nearly 59 years after the end of World War II, the National World
War II Memorial was dedicated in Washington, D.C., on
Saturday, May 29, 2004 to honor the 408,680 Americans who
died in the conflict
NC in WWII
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More than 300,000 served from NC
7,000 died
Wilmington ship building companies
Training bases like Fort Bragg
Tobacco Companies provided cigarettes for soldiers.
NC textile mills made most of the US fabric for army
parachutes, tents, blankets, uniforms, and sheets.
• http://www.nationalww2museum.org/see-hear/kidscorner.html?gclid=CjwKEAjwjKOpBRChjsTyicbFy3QSJADP1gTNiD75Y1_nD8scTtKCDerZo
Odcl8GlPAEOm-5WeILu5xoCfqbw_wcB
• http://www.ducksters.com/history/world_war_ii/
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/
More Pictures