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WORLD WAR II wwII (1939-1945) • War pulled the US out of depression and boosted our economy…WHY? • Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria) VS • Allied Powers (U.S., Britain, USSR, France, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia). Causes • German resentment of the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. • Germany’s poor economy and living situation after WWI. • Hitler’s rise to power. • Hitler’s alliances and subsequent invasions and violations of the treaty. • Inability of the League of Nations to stop him. Main Axis Power Leaders • Adolf Hitler, Emperor Hirohito and Benito Mussolini. Adolf Hitler “Fuhrer” (leader/guide) Hitler Gets Busy • Gestapo Created -- April, 1933 • Creates Hitler Youth • Jewish Business Boycott – April, 1933 • Jewish Books Banned & Burned – May, 1933 Scapegoats, Anti-Semitism, Kristallnacht “Night of Broken Glass,” pogroms, stars, ghettos. Aryan beliefs, genetic experimentation, sterilization. • 27,000 People in Camps – July, 1933 • 60,000 People in Camps – 1938 The Holocaust • • • • • • Ghetto- Cattle Cars Means-slaughter or sacrifice by fire Labor Camps vs. Death Camps Gas Chambers and Crematoriums Jews in Hiding Memoirs and Primary Sources, Eli Wiesel German Territorial Gains • • • • • Austria – March, 1938 Border of Czechoslovakia – Sept., 1938 All of Czechoslovakia – March, 1939 Poland – Sept., 1939 By Summer of 1940, Germany Controlled Most of Europe • World shocked as France falls to Germans Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941 * Why did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor? * • The ENTIRE Pacific fleet was stationed at Pearl Harbor; the Japanese felt that if they could cripple the Pacific fleet, it would allow them to move freely throughout the Pacific ocean! • The US had imposed an oil trade embargo against Japan. Kamikaze Beliefs were that death/suicide in battle was honorable. This was derived from the beliefs of the ancient Samurai of Japan. Battle Sequence • 5 PHASE ATTACK BY JAPANESE… (as noted by the U.S. Navy) • PHASE 1: Combined torpedo plane and dive bomber attacks lasting from 7:55 a.m. to 8:25 a.m. • PHASE 2: Lull in attacks lasting from 8:25 - 8:40 a.m. • PHASE 3: Horizontal bomber attacks from 8:40 – 9:15 a.m. • PHASE 4: Dive bomber attacks between 9:15-9:45 a.m. • PHASE 5: Warning of attacks and completion of raid after 9:45 a.m. Eyewitness Account • Commander Mitsuo Fuchida • “Veering right toward the west coast of the island, we could see that the sky over Pearl Harbor was clear. Presently the harbor itself bacame visible across the central Oahu plain, a film of morning mist hovering over it. I peered intently through my binoculars at the ships riding peacefully at anchor. One by one I counted them. Yes, the battleships were there all right, eight of them! But our last lingering hope of finding any carriers prestent was now gone. Not one was to be seen.” Warfare Used During Attack • Japan - 81 Fighter Planes 135 Dive Bombers 104 Horizontal Bombers 40 Torpedo Planes At least 5 Midget Submarines Warfare (continued) • - United States 108 Fighter Planes (59 not available for flight) 35 Army Bombers (27 not available for flight) 993 Army/Navy Antiaircraft Guns American War Plane. One type from the Pearl Harbor attack. Casualties Japan - Less then 100 men - 29 planes - 5 midget submarines United States - 2,335 servicemen killed, 68 civilians killed, 1,178 wounded - 188 planes - 18 ships (8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3 destroyers, 4 other vessels) Damages USS Arizona USS Arizona Burning: 1,100+ servicemen died on the ship Eyewitness Account • Marine Corporal E.C. Nightingale • “I was about three quarters of the way to the first platform on the mast when it seemed as though a bomb struck our quarterdeck. I could hear shrapnel or fragments whistling past me. As soon as I reached the first platform, I saw Second Lieutenant Simonson lying on his back with blood on his shirt front. I bent over him…He was dead…” Eyewitness Account • Lt. Ruth Erickson, USN (Nurse) • “The first patient came into our dressing room at 8:25 a.m. with a large opening in his abdomen and bleeding profusely. They started an intravenous and transfusion. I can still see the tremor of Dr. Brunson’s hand as he picked up the needle. Everyone was terrified. The patient died within the hour.” Effects/Outcome • Japan dealt a seemingly crippling blow to the U.S. Pacific fleet (U.S. Pacific Fleet aircraft carriers: Lexington, Enterprise, & Saratoga were not in port) • Japan began their quest for a Pacific empire • The U.S. finally was forced to join World War II (“The Sleeping Giant was awakened”) • The U.S. & Great Britain declare war on Japan (Dec. 8, 1941) • Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S. (Dec. 11, 1941) December 8, 1941 FDR Speech “Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - A date which will live in infamy – the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.” FDR Infamy Speech Doolittle Raid Read About the Facts of the Doolittle Raid on the following website. • http://doolittleraider.com/ • Read about the 4 surviving veterans. Answer the following questions: What exactly was the Doolittle Raid? Why was the Doolittle Raid important to the US? Why were the airmen who participated considered heroes? US Pearl Harbor Memorial looks over the wreckage of the USS Arizona. MOBILIZING FOR DEFENSE • After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, they thought America would avoid further conflict with them • The Japan Times newspaper said America was “trembling in their shoes” • But if America was trembling, it was with rage, not fear • “Remember Pearl Harbor” was the rallying cry as America entered WWII Allies United: U.S.S.R (Stalin), England (Churchhill)and The U.S. (FDR) AMERICANS RUSH TO ENLIST • After Pearl Harbor five million Americans enlisted to fight in the war • The Selective Service expanded the draft and eventually provided an additional 10 million soldiers WOMEN JOIN THE FIGHT • Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall pushed for the formation of the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) and (WAVES) Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service. • Under this program women worked in non-combat roles such as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, and pilots. Women of WWII • Off to work • “Rosie the Riveter” • Bomber Girls/Factory Girls • Many kept these jobs after WWII 1. 2. 3. 4. What is a Riveter? Analyze the first picture on the left. How does this Rosie look? How is the Rosie on the right different? Which image do you think effected the public and women more? Why? LABOR’S CONTRIBUTION • By 1944, nearly 18 million workers were laboring in war industries (3x the # in 1941) • More than 6 million of these were women and nearly 2 million were minority ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT • • • • • Despite discrimination at home, minority populations contributed to the war effort 1,000,000 African Americans served in the military 300,000 Mexican-Americans 33,000 Japanese Americans 25,000 Native Americans 13,000 Chinese Americans A PRODUCTION MIRACLE • Americans converted their auto industry into a war industry • The nation’s automobile plants began to produce tanks, planes, boats, and command cars • Many other industries also converted to war-related supplies MOBILIZATION OF SCIENTISTS • In 1941, FDR created the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to bring scientists into the war effort • Focus was on radar and sonar to locate submarines • Also the scientists worked on penicillin and pesticides like DDT MANHATTAN PROJECT • The most important achievement was the secret development of the atomic bomb. • Einstein wrote to FDR warning him that the Germans were attempting to develop such a weapon • The code used to describe American efforts to build the bomb was the “Manhattan Project” WAR PRODUCTION BOARD • To ensure the troops had ample resources, FDR created the WPB • The WPB decided which companies would convert to wartime production and how to best get raw materials to those industries. COLLECTION DRIVES • The WPB also organized nationwide drives to collect scrap iron, tin cans, paper, rags and cooking fat for recycling • Additionally, the OPA set up a system of rationing • Households had set allocations of scarce goods – gas, meat, shoes, sugar, coffee Wind Talkers •“Wind Talkers” were Navajo Native Americans who served in the military during WWII. •The Axis Powers kept cracking US army code language. •This was dangerous because the enemy could get our secret info/plans. •Their job was to interpret and send code in their Navajo language. Because it was a language native to the US, the Axis powers could not break the code. Victory Gardens • People were urged to grow their own vegetables. That way, larger farms could produce food for the war cause. Rationing and these gardens helped the US keep an adequate food supply. War Bonds • As in previous wars, citizens could buy war bonds and also stamps to help fund the war. WWII Poster encouraging conservation THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC • After America’s entry into the war, Hitler was determined to prevent foods and war supplies from reaching Britain and the USSR from America’s east coast • He ordered submarine raids on U.S. ships on the Atlantic • During the first four months of 1942 Germany sank 87 U.S. ships The power of the German submarines was great, and in two months' time almost two million tons of Allied ships were resting on the ocean floor. Efforts were soon made to restrict German subs' activities. TUSKEGEE AIRMEN • Among the brave men who fought were pilots of the all-black 99th squadron – the Tuskegee Airmen • The pilots made numerous effective strikes against Germany and won two distinguished Unit Citations In May 1943, the 99th Squadron, the first group of African-American pilots trained at the Tuskegee Institute, were deployed to fight. ALLIES LIBERATE EUROPE Allies sent fake coded messages indicating they would attack here • As the Allies were battling for Italy, they also began plans on a dramatic invasion of France to drive out the Germans. • It was known as “Operation Overlord” and the commander was American General Dwight D. Eisenhower • Also called “D-Day,” the operation involved 3 million U.S. & British troops and was set for June 6, 1944 The D in D-Day merely stands for “Day.” This coded designation was used for the day of any important invasion or military operation. For military planners, the days before and after a D-Day were indicated using plus and minus signs: D-4 meant four days before a DDay, while D+7 meant seven days after a D-Day. D-DAY JUNE 6, 1944 http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/d-day D-Day was an amphibious landing – soldiers going from sea to land • D-Day was the largest landsea-air operation in military history. • 156,000 American, British and Canadian forces landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch of the heavily fortified coast of France’s Normandy region. • Despite air support, German retaliation was brutal – especially at Omaha Beach • Within a month, the Allies had landed 1 million troops, 567,000 tons of supplies and 170,000 vehicles OMAHA BEACH 6/6/44 Landing at Normandy Planes drop paratroopers behind enemy lines at Normandy, France Losses were extremely heavy on DDay FRANCE FREED • By September 1944, the Allies had freed France, Belgium and Luxembourg • That good news – and the American’s people’s desire not to “change horses in midstream” – helped elect FDR to an unprecedented 4th term General George Patton (right) was instrumental in Allies freeing France BATTLE OF THE BULGE • In October 1944, Americans captured their first German town (Aachen)– the Allies were closing in • Hitler responded with one last ditch massive offensive • Hitler hoped breaking through the Allied line would break up Allied supply lines BATTLE OF THE BULGE • The battle raged for a month – the Germans had been pushed back • Little seemed to have changed, but in fact the Germans had sustained heavy losses • Germany lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and 1,600 planes • From that point on the Nazis could do little but retreat The Battle of the Bulge was Germany’s last gasp • LIBERATION OF DEATH While the British and AmericansCAMPS moved westward into Germany, the Soviets moved eastward into German-controlled Poland • The Soviets discovered many death camps that the Germans had set up within Poland • The Americans also liberated Nazi death camps within Germany ALLIES TAKE BERLIN; HITLER COMMITS SUICIDE • By April 25, 1945, the Soviet army had stormed Berlin • In his underground headquarters in Berlin, Hitler prepared for the end • On April 29, he married his longtime girlfriend Eva Braun then wrote a last note in which he blamed the Jews for starting the war and his generals for losing it • The next day he gave poison to his wife and shot himself • Germany Surrenders May 7, 1945 V-E DAY • General Eisenhower accepted the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich • On May 8, 1945, the Allies celebrated V-E Day – victory in Europe Day • The war in Europe was finally over Famous picture of an American soldier celebrating the end of the war FDR DIES; TRUMAN PRESIDENT • President Roosevelt did not live to see V-E Day • On April 12, 1945, he suffered a stroke and died– his VP Harry S Truman became the nation’s 33rd president ATOMIC BOMB DEVELOPED • Japan had a huge army that would defend every inch of the Japanese mainland • So Truman decided to use a powerful new weapon developed by scientists working on the Manhattan Project – the Atomic Bomb U.S. DROPS TWO ATOMIC BOMBS ON JAPAN • Truman warned Japan in late July 1945 that without a immediate Japanese surrender, it faced “prompt and utter destruction” • On August 6 (Hiroshima) and August 9 (Nagasaki) a B-29 bomber dropped Atomic Bombs on Japan The plane and crew that dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan August 6, 1945 HIROSHIMA August 9, 1945 NAGASAKI Little Boy • Enola Gay dropped “Little Boy” on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 • 4.5 tons • 1 min.: 66,000 -69,000 killed • 43 seconds – the city did not exist • Bombs only used 1/10th of 1% of their respective explosive capabilities. • Japan still did not surrender • Leukemia in children born post WWII. Fat Man • 3 days after “Little Boy” was dropped, “Fat Man” was dropped on Nagasaki – 39,000 killed instantly – By the end of the year, 200,000 had died of injuries and/or radiation The Atomic Bomb at Hiroshima Effects of the Bombs Keloids JAPAN SURRENDERS • Japan surrendered days after the second atomic bomb was dropped • General MacArthur said, “Today the guns are silent. The skies no longer rain death . . .the entire world is quietly at peace.” At the White House, President Harry Truman announces the Japanese surrender, August 14, 1945 NUREMBERG WAR TRIALS Herman Goering, Hitler's right-hand man and chief architect of the German war effort, testifies at his trial. He was found guilty of war crimes but avoided execution by swallowing potassium cyanide. • • • The discovery of Hitler’s death camps led the Allies to put 24 surviving Nazi leaders on trial for crimes against humanity, crimes against the peace, and war crimes The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany “I was only following orders” was not an acceptable defense as 12 of the 24 were sentenced to death and the others to life in prison THE HOME FRONT • The war provided a lift to the U.S. economy • Jobs were abundant and despite rationing and shortages, people had money to spend • By the end of the war, America was the world’s dominant economic and military power Captain America was created during WWII. ECONOMIC GAINS • Unemployment fell to only 1.2% by 1944 and wages rose 35% • Farmers too benefited as production doubled and income tripled. INTERNMENT OF JAPANESE AMERICANS • When the war began, 120,000 Japanese Americans lived in the U.S. – mostly on the West Coast • After Pearl Harbor, many people were suspicious of possible spy activity by Japanese Americans • In 1942, FDR ordered Japanese Americans into 10 “relocation centers.” Japanese Americans felt the sting of discrimination during WWII Location of the 10 Internment camps Jerome Camp in Arkansas U.S. PAYS REPARATIONS TO JAPANESE • In the late 1980s, President Reagan signed into law a bill that provided $20,000 to every Japanese American sent to a relocation camp • The checks were sent out in 1990 along with a note from President Bush saying, “We can never fully right the wrongs of the past . . . we now recognize that serious wrongs were done to Japanese Americans during WWII.” Today the U.S. is home to more than 1,000,000 Japanese-Americans Nearly 59 years after the end of World War II, the National World War II Memorial was dedicated in Washington, D.C., on Saturday, May 29, 2004 to honor the 408,680 Americans who died in the conflict NC in WWII • • • • • • More than 300,000 served from NC 7,000 died Wilmington ship building companies Training bases like Fort Bragg Tobacco Companies provided cigarettes for soldiers. NC textile mills made most of the US fabric for army parachutes, tents, blankets, uniforms, and sheets. • http://www.nationalww2museum.org/see-hear/kidscorner.html?gclid=CjwKEAjwjKOpBRChjsTyicbFy3QSJADP1gTNiD75Y1_nD8scTtKCDerZo Odcl8GlPAEOm-5WeILu5xoCfqbw_wcB • http://www.ducksters.com/history/world_war_ii/ • http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ More Pictures