Download Chapter Four Handout: Developmental Psychology

Chapter Four Handout: Developmental Psychology
Birth-1mo
2-4 mo
5-12 mo
Birth-1mo
2-4 mo
5-12 mo
Early Vision: Cues
Sensitivity to motion cues
Sensitivity to binocular cues
Sensitivity to pictoral cues, Wariness of heights
Early Visual perception
Prefer simple, facelike patterns
Prefer complex facial pattern over other complex patterns
Can distinguish strange and familiar faces; Prefer mom’s face
Can perceive emotional expressions on faces
Smell, Taste & Touch
*very good if not better than adults (stinky armpit experiment)*
*certain scents are preferred or disliked instinctually (rotten egg vs. banana)*
*taste equivalent based on preferences (sweet, breast milk) and facial expressions (bitter)*
*mom’s diet while pregnant may influence taste preferences (carrot juice)
*infants should respond positively to touch
Benefits of Breastfeeding
*nutrients, immune system, easy to digest, sterile, warm, convenient, easier to wean, has zinc
*maybe: enhances brain functioning, digestion, respiratory systems. Helps premature infants, reduces ovarian
cancer & breast cancer in mom, reduces weight in mom, helps shrink uterus, inhibits ovulation, less stress, bonding
with baby.
Why do mothers choose not to breastfeed?
*milk production lacking
*on medications/diseased
*practicality (work)
*lacking education on how
*infant too ill
*pain
*infant adopted
*impatience
Matching Activity: Infant Reflexes
Reflex
Description
Breathing, Hiccups, Sneezes,
A. Reflexes that maintain body temperature
Thrashing
Cry, Shiver, Tuck in their legs,
B. When the bottom of a baby’s foot is stroked, the toes curl
push away blankets, staying still upwards
Sucking Reflex
C. When an infant’s cheek is touched, they will move their mouth
towards the source of stimulation
Rooting Reflex
D. When a baby’s foot is placed so its top touches a surface, the
baby will place the foot on top of the surface
Moro Reflex*
E. Baby will tightly hold things placed in it’s hand
Stepping Reflex*
F. When something is placed in the baby’s mouth they will suck on
it
Babinski Reflex*
G. Reflexes that maintain oxygen supply
Placing Reflex
H. When a baby enters water, they will make swimming
movements with arms and legs
Swimming Reflex
I. When a baby is upright and their weight is supported, they will
make stepping movements if their feet are placed on the ground
Grasping Reflex
E. When a baby suddenly loses support, the arms flail out then
move in in a grasping motion
Matching Activity
Matching
A. Having a deficiency in the diet (enough food, but not the
right nutrients).
Proximodistal Principle
B. Growth begins with the head and upper body parts and
then proceeds to the rest of the body.
Principle of Independence of Systems
C. The small gaps between neurons
Term
Cephalocaudal Principle
D. A disease in which a child’s stomach, limbs, and face
swell with water
E. Having an improper amount and balance of nutrients
F. Different body systems grow at different rates
Synapse
Myelin
Malnutrition
Undernutrition
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Nonorganic failure to thrive
G. A disorder in which infants stop growing due to a lack of
stimulation and attention
H. Speeds the transmission of nerve impulses
I. Development proceeds from the center of the body
outward
J. A disorder in which infants stop growing due to a lack of
nutrition.
Term
A. Conditioned stimulus
Matching
An increase in responsiveness after stimulation changes
B. Operant conditioning
A mother sings to her infant while she is nursing the baby. When she later sings,
the baby makes sucking movements because the mother’s singing has become a
_________
C. Unconditioned stimulus
A reflexive behavior, such as a baby sucking when breast milk is present
D. Imitation
A gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
E. Habituation
The response elicited by the conditioned stimulus
F. Conditioned response
Copying the behavior of another person
G. Reinforcer
A stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response
H. Punishment
A stimulus that consistently produces a reflexive response.
I. Classical conditioning
Removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the
occurrence of a response.
J. Recovery
Acting on the environment so that the stimulus that follows the behavior changes
the probability that the behavior will occur again.
K. Unconditioned response
A form of learning in which a new stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to
a reflexive response until the new stimulus produces the behavior by itself