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Carbon Compounds
Chapter 2, Section 3
pp. 44 - 48
Carbon Compounds
• What does it mean to be organic?
• Organic compounds - compounds containing
CARBON
• Carbon atoms contain 4 valence electrons
– Valence – electrons in the outer energy level of the atom
– Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
• Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons
Large Carbon Compounds with Analogy
(in this analogy assume that the ATOMS are similar to LETTERS)
•
Monomers are simple carbon molecules
“mono” = one (Ex. one word)
•
Polymers are molecules made of many monomers
(monomer + monomer = polymer)
“poly” = many (Ex. a sentence)
•
Macromolecules are made of many polymers
(polymer + polymer = macromolecule)
“macro” = large (Ex. a paragraph)
How do Monomers link to form
Polymers???
• Dehydration Synthesis Reactions (also
called condensation reactions)
– Dehydration = to lose water
– Synthesis = to put together
– chemical reaction in which two monomers
are linked together and a molecule of
water is lost
• one monomer donates a hydroxyl (OH-) and
the other monomer donates a hydrogen (H+)
forming water (H2O)
How do polymers break down into
monomers???
• Hydrolysis reactions
– Hydro – water
– Lysis – to break apart
– The bond between two monomers is
broken & a molecule of water breaks down
• One monomer receives an (OH) and the other
receives an (H)
– This is the reverse of a dehydration
synthesis reaction.
Hydrolysis
Organic Compounds
 There are 4 main classes of organic
compounds which are essential to the life
processes of all living things.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
1. Proteins
 Elements: C, H, O, N
 Used to build body structures – muscles,
hair, skin, etc.
 Most enzymes are proteins as well
 Monomer = Amino Acids (20 kinds)
Amino Acid Structure
Each amino acid includes 1 central
carbon with 4 things attached:
1. 1 carboxyl group (-COOH)
2. An amino group (-NH2)
3. An “R” group –functional group
that determines the difference
between Amino Acids.
4. A Hydrogen atom
Proteins
 Proteins are made of chains of amino
acids linked together
 Dipeptides – 2 Amino Acids
 Polypeptides- many Amino Acids
 Enzymes = polypeptides
II. Lipids (Fats)
 Elements: C, H (in high ratio) & O
 NOT water soluble (do NOT dissolve in
water)
 Monomer = 1 glycerol + fatty acids
 Used to store excess energy
 Important part in cell membranes and
waterproof coverings
 Ex. Fats, oils, waxes
– Fatty acids
– Complex Lipids
Complex Lipids
1 fatty acid + a glycerol molecule = a wax
2 fatty acids + a glycerol molecule =phospholipid
(which makes up the cell membrane)
3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol molecule = a triglyceride
III. Carbohydrates
 Elements: C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio (double hydrogen)
 Main fuel provider and energy source of living
things, used for structures in cells
 Exists in 2 forms: (ring formation common)
 Monosaccharides –monomer of
carbs like sugars
 Polysaccharides- polymer of carbs
Polysaccharides
 Polymer made of 3 or more
monosaccharides
 Ex. 1. Glycogen (animal starch)
 Glycogen is broken down & excess
sugar is released from liver when your
blood sugar runs low
2. Cellulose (in plants)
 Tough, flexible (found in cell wall) 
gives plants rigidity & strength.
IV. Nucleic Acids
 Elements : C, H, O, N, P
 Monomer = Nucleotide
 made of 3 components
1. phosphate group
2. 5-carbon sugar
3. Nitrogen base
 Store important information for
the cell
 Ex. DNA  cellular information
RNA  stores/transfers
information to make proteins