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Carbon Compounds Chapter 2, Section 3 pp. 44 - 48 Carbon Compounds • What does it mean to be organic? • Organic compounds - compounds containing CARBON • Carbon atoms contain 4 valence electrons – Valence – electrons in the outer energy level of the atom – Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms • Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons Large Carbon Compounds with Analogy (in this analogy assume that the ATOMS are similar to LETTERS) • Monomers are simple carbon molecules “mono” = one (Ex. one word) • Polymers are molecules made of many monomers (monomer + monomer = polymer) “poly” = many (Ex. a sentence) • Macromolecules are made of many polymers (polymer + polymer = macromolecule) “macro” = large (Ex. a paragraph) How do Monomers link to form Polymers??? • Dehydration Synthesis Reactions (also called condensation reactions) – Dehydration = to lose water – Synthesis = to put together – chemical reaction in which two monomers are linked together and a molecule of water is lost • one monomer donates a hydroxyl (OH-) and the other monomer donates a hydrogen (H+) forming water (H2O) How do polymers break down into monomers??? • Hydrolysis reactions – Hydro – water – Lysis – to break apart – The bond between two monomers is broken & a molecule of water breaks down • One monomer receives an (OH) and the other receives an (H) – This is the reverse of a dehydration synthesis reaction. Hydrolysis Organic Compounds There are 4 main classes of organic compounds which are essential to the life processes of all living things. Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids 1. Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N Used to build body structures – muscles, hair, skin, etc. Most enzymes are proteins as well Monomer = Amino Acids (20 kinds) Amino Acid Structure Each amino acid includes 1 central carbon with 4 things attached: 1. 1 carboxyl group (-COOH) 2. An amino group (-NH2) 3. An “R” group –functional group that determines the difference between Amino Acids. 4. A Hydrogen atom Proteins Proteins are made of chains of amino acids linked together Dipeptides – 2 Amino Acids Polypeptides- many Amino Acids Enzymes = polypeptides II. Lipids (Fats) Elements: C, H (in high ratio) & O NOT water soluble (do NOT dissolve in water) Monomer = 1 glycerol + fatty acids Used to store excess energy Important part in cell membranes and waterproof coverings Ex. Fats, oils, waxes – Fatty acids – Complex Lipids Complex Lipids 1 fatty acid + a glycerol molecule = a wax 2 fatty acids + a glycerol molecule =phospholipid (which makes up the cell membrane) 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol molecule = a triglyceride III. Carbohydrates Elements: C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio (double hydrogen) Main fuel provider and energy source of living things, used for structures in cells Exists in 2 forms: (ring formation common) Monosaccharides –monomer of carbs like sugars Polysaccharides- polymer of carbs Polysaccharides Polymer made of 3 or more monosaccharides Ex. 1. Glycogen (animal starch) Glycogen is broken down & excess sugar is released from liver when your blood sugar runs low 2. Cellulose (in plants) Tough, flexible (found in cell wall) gives plants rigidity & strength. IV. Nucleic Acids Elements : C, H, O, N, P Monomer = Nucleotide made of 3 components 1. phosphate group 2. 5-carbon sugar 3. Nitrogen base Store important information for the cell Ex. DNA cellular information RNA stores/transfers information to make proteins