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THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH I. AUTHORITY OF THE CHURCH A. INTRODUCTION 1. GELASIUS’ SWORDS a. EMPEROR – CONTROLLED GOVERNMENT & DEFERRED TO POPE IN RELIGION b. POPE – CONTROLLED RELIGION DEFERRED TO KING ON GOVERNMENT B. CHURCH STRUCTURE 1. CLERGY – RELIGIOUS OFFICIALS 2. LAITY – NON – OFFICIAL MEMBERS OF THE CHURCH ...CHURCH STRUCTURE 3. POPE – HEADED THE CHURCH IN ROME 4. BISHOPS – SUPERVISED SEVERAL PARISHES (DIOCESE) / SET DOCTRINE ...STRUCTURE 5. PRIESTS – SUPERVISED PARISHES (CONGREGATION) 6. DIOCESE – SEVERAL PARISHES SUPERVISED BY A BISHOP ...STRUCTURE 7. PARISH – THE LOCAL CONGREGATION OF CATHOLICISM WITH A PRIEST IN CHARGE C. RELIGION AS A UNIFYING FORCE 1. BONDS – SHARED BELIEFS IN TEACHINGS OF THE CHURCH 2. STABILIZING FORCE PROVIDED SECURITY OF BELONGING TO RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY ...UNIFYING 3. PATH TO SALVATION a) SACRAMENTS – RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES NEEDED FOR SALVATION (1) BAPTISM – BECAME CHRISTIAN ...SACRAMENTS (2) COMMUNION (3) MARRIAGE (4) CONFESSION AND PENANCE b) VILLAGE – BECAME RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL CENTER (PARISH) D. LAW OF THE CHURCH 1. CANON LAW a) LAW OF THE CHURCH IN RELIGIOUS MATTERS (MARRIAGE, CEREMONY) b) COURTS – ESTABLISHED TO TRY VIOLATIONS OF CANON LAW ...LAW C) PUNISHMENTS (1) EXCOMMUNICATION – BANNED FROM CHURCH AND SACRAMENTS (2) INTERDICT – NO SACRAMENTS PERFORMED IN THE KING’S LAND d) INQUISITION (1) TRIALS HELD BY CHURCH FOR HERESY (2) CONSEQUENCES – IMPRISONMENT, TORTURE, DEATH, FINES (3) SPANISH INQUISITION WORST II. CHURCH AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE A. OTTO I (THE GREAT) 1. OTTO & THE CHURCH a) FORMED CLOSE ALLIANCE W/CHURCH b) LIMITED NOBLES STRENGTH USING CLERGY ...OTTO c) POWER BASE - GAINED SUPPORT FROM BISHOPS AND ABBOTS d) HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE – GERMAN - ITALIAN STATE / STRONGEST IN EUROPE UNTIL 1100 A.D. III. EMPEROR CLASHES WITH POPE A. INTRODUCTION 1. RESENTMENT a) GERMAN KINGS CONTROLLED CLERGY b) LAY INVESTITURE – RESENTED / KINGS APPOINTED BISHOPS ...RESENTMENT c) CHURCH POSITION – BISHOPS SHOULD NOT BE CONTROLLED BY KINGS d) GREGORY I BANNED LAY INVESTITURE …RESENTMENT e) HENRY ORDERED GREGORY TO STEP DOWN f) GREGORY EXCOMMUNICATED HENRY B. CANOSSA a) HENRY SEEKS POPE’S FORGIVENESS b) HENRY LEFT WAITING IN SNOW 3 DAYS c) PROVES POWER OF THE CHURCH & EXCOMMUNICATION C. CONCORDAT (TREATY) OF WORMS 1. CHURCH COULD NAME BISHOP 2. EMPEROR COULD VETO BISHOP IV. DISORDER IN THE EMPIRE A. FREDERICK I 1. KINGDOM a) HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE WAS PATCHWORK OF FEUDAL ESTATES ...DISORDER 2. OTTO’S EXAMPLE a) INVADED RICH ITALIAN CITIES b) POPE & ITALIAN MERCHANT FORMED THE LOMBARD LEAGUE IN OPPOSITION …DISORDER 3. FREDERICK’S WAR a) LOST BATTLE OF LEGANO b) 1ST USE OF CROSSBOW c) PRINCES POWER CONTINUED TO GROW d) FREDERICK LOST AUTHORITY OVER PRINCES B. GERMAN STATE 1. REASON FOR NOT UNIFYING a) WARS WITH ITALIAN CITIES b) CONTINUED CLASHES WITH POPE …GERMAN STATE 2. KINGS WEAKNESSES a) KINGS WERE ELECTED BY PRINCES (MADE PRINCES POWERFUL) b) FEWER ROYAL LANDS THAN FRENCH OR ENGLISH KINGS …GERMAN STATES 3. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GERMAN STATE & ENGLISH & FRENCH STATES a) ENGLAND AND FRANCE ESTABLISHED STRONG CENTRAL AUTHORITY b) GERMAN STATES CONTINUED TRADITION OF CIVIL WAR VI. CHURCH REFORM A. SETTING THE STAGE 1. INVADERS a. MAGYARS SEEKING PLUNDER - SLAVES b. VIKING DESTRUCTION OF MONASTERIES VI THE AGE OF FAITH A. SPIRITUAL REVIVAL 1. RETURN TO BASIC CHRISTIAN PRINCIPALS 2. RESTORED AND EXPANDED CHURCH’S POWERS 3. LED BY FRENCH MONASTERY AT CLUNY B. PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH 1. MANY PRIESTS WERE ILLITERATE 2. BISHOPS CARED MORE FOR FEUDAL POSSESSIONS THAN RELIGION ...PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH 3. MARRIAGE – PRIESTS WERE MARRIED WITH FAMILIES (NOT CELIBATE) 4. SIMONY – CHURCH POSITIONS WERE SOLD ...PROBLEMS 5. LAY INVESTITURE – KINGS CONTROLLED BISHOPS THROUGH APPOINTMENT C. REFORMS & ORGANIZATION 1. CLUNY BEGAN TO FOLLOW BENEDICTINE RULES 2. BENEDICTINE ORDERS SPREAD THROUGHOUT CATHOLICISM ...CLUNY 3. ENFORCEMENT OF CHURCH DOCTRINE a) LAWS ABOUT SIMONY & CELIBACY ENFORCED D. REFORM AND CHURCH ORGANIZATION 1. ORGANIZATION a) RESTRUCTURED TO RESEMBLE KINGDOM …REFORM b) CURIA CREATED TO ACT AS POPE’S ADVISORS (1) ACTED AS COURT (2) DEVELOPED CANON LAW (CHURCH LAW) …REFORMS 2. TAXES a) CHURCH COLLECTED TITHES (TAXES) b) BEGAN CARING FOR SICK c) OPERATED MOST EUROPEAN HOSPITALS E. NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS 1. LIFE OF FRIAR a) TRAVELED PREACHING AND SPREADING CHRISTIANITY ...FRIARS b) TOOK VOWS OF POVERTY, OBEDIENCE, & CHASTITY c) PREACHED TO POOR d) LIVED THROUGH BEGGING (CHARITY) 2. FRIARS ORDERS a) DOMINICANS (1) SPANISH ORDER FOUNDED BY DOMINIC (2) EMPHASIZED EDUCATION MANY BECAME SCHOLARS …ORDERS b. FRANCISCANS (1) FOUNDED BY SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI (2) ALL LIFE HAD A SOUL …ORDERS C. WOMEN’S ORDERS (1) LIVED IN POVERTY (POOR CLARES) (2) HELPED SICK AND POOR (3) DID NOT TRAVEL / LIVED IN CONVENTS VII. CATHEDRALS A. INTRODUCTION 1. ROMANESQUE a. ROUND HEAVY ARCHES b. THICK WALLS & PILLARS c. SMALL WINDOWS / DIMLY LIT 2. GOTHIC a) TALL BUILDINGS b) LARGE WINDOWS WELL LIT c) ART FORMS (1) SCULPTURE (2) WOOD CARVINGS (3) STAINED GLASS d) FLYING BUTTRESS – STONE BEAMS USED TO SUPPORT WALLS VIII. CRUSADES A. INTRODUCTION 1. ALEXIUS – ASKED FOR HELP AGAINST MUSLIM TURKS ...INTRO 2. POPE URBAN II – CALLED FOR HOLY WAR (CRUSADE 3. GOAL – TO RECOVER HOLY LANDS ESPECIALLY JERUSALEM AND ANTIOCH B. GOALS OF THE CRUSADES 1. STOP MUSLIM ATTACKS OF BYZANTIUM 2. REUNITE CHRISTENDOM 3. GET RID OF TROUBLESOME KNIGHT 4. OPPORTUNITY TO GET LAND C. FIRST & SECOND CRUSADES 1. RESULTS OF URBAN’S SPEECH a. 50-60 THOUSAND KNIGHTS BECAME CRUSADERS (MASS MIGRATION) b. FEW RETURNED THE FIRST CRUSADE 2. POLITICAL EFFECTS a) KINGS GAINED CONTROL OF FEUDAL LANDS b) LEAD TO MORE POWERFUL KINGS & THE RISE OF NATION STATES 3. ECONOMIC EFFECTS a. MERCHANTS PROFITED b. PISA, GENOA, VENICE 1.) ATTEMPTED TO GAIN CONTROL OF EASTERN TRADE ROUTES ...VENICE 2. BECAME CENTERS FOR REBIRTH OF CULTURAL ADVANCEMENT IN EUROPE (RENAISSANCE) D. FIRST AND SECOND CRUSADES 1. ILL-PREPARED & UNCOOPERATIVE a) DID NOT GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, CULTURE b) NO STRATEGY TO CAPTURE JERUSALEM ...PREPARATION c) LEADERS ARGUED AMONG THEMSELVES d) NO SUPPLY LINES 2. RESULTS a) CAPTURED JERUSALEM b) FOUR CRUSADER STATES ESTABLISHED ON E. MEDITERRANEAN COAST (CULTURAL DIFFUSION) 3. ND 2 CRUSADE a) ORGANIZED TO RECAPTURE LOST CITIES EDESSA & JERUSALEM b) DEFEATED BY SALADIN & SELJUK TURKS E. RD 3 CRUSADE 1. ATTEMPT TO RECAPTURE JERUSALEM a) BARBAROSSA – DROWNED b) PHILIP AUGUSTUS – RETURNED HOME RD ...3 CRUSADE c) RICHARD – ATTEMPTED TO REGAIN HOLY LAND 2. RESULTS a) SALADIN & RICHARD AGREED TO TRUCE b) JERUSALEM REMAINED UNDER MUSLIM CONTROL c) CITY REOPENED TO CHRISTIAN PILGRIMAGE F. FOURTH CRUSADE 1. CONSTANTINOPLE SACKED AND LOOTED. OCCUPIED BY CRUSADERS G. EFFECTS OF CRUSADES 1. TRADE a) INCREASED TRADE BETWEEN EUROPE AND NEAR EAST b) GOODS TRADED – SPICES, FRUITS, CLOTH (SILK) …EFFECTS 2. POLITICAL a) WEAKENED POPE b) WEAKENED NOBILITY c) LOSS OF LIFE AND FORTUNE d) STRENGTHENING OF THE MONARCHY 1.) NOBILITY LANDS CAME UNDER CONTROL OF KING 2.) KINGS WERE ABLE TO TAX NOBILITY (MONEY) 3.) KINGS CREATED STANDING ARMIES ...STRENGTHENING 4.) FEUDAL SYSTEM BEGAN TO BREAK DOWN e) WEAKENED THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE f) LEFT TENSIONS BETWEEN CHRISTIANS, JEWS, & MUSLIMS ...EFFECTS g) LED TO THE FOUNDING OF CRUSADER STATES (FEUDALISM) IN THE NEAR EAST 3. CULTURAL DIFFUSION a) RENEWED INTEREST IN GRECO/ROMAN CULTURE b) IMPORTED BYZANTINE AND ARABIC TEXTS AND LEARNING ...DIFFUSION c) TEXTS TRANSCRIBED INTO LATIN AND VERNACULAR BY MONASTERIES AND MONKS ...DIFFUSION d) VERNACULAR – LANGUAGE OF LOCAL AREA (FRENCH, ENGLISH)