Download 3. medieval church 15-16

THE MEDIEVAL
CHURCH
I. AUTHORITY OF THE
CHURCH
A. INTRODUCTION
1. GELASIUS’ SWORDS
a. EMPEROR – CONTROLLED
GOVERNMENT & DEFERRED TO
POPE IN RELIGION
b. POPE – CONTROLLED
RELIGION DEFERRED TO KING
ON GOVERNMENT
B. CHURCH
STRUCTURE
1. CLERGY – RELIGIOUS
OFFICIALS
2. LAITY – NON – OFFICIAL
MEMBERS OF THE CHURCH
...CHURCH
STRUCTURE
3. POPE – HEADED THE
CHURCH IN ROME
4. BISHOPS – SUPERVISED
SEVERAL PARISHES
(DIOCESE) / SET
DOCTRINE
...STRUCTURE
5. PRIESTS – SUPERVISED
PARISHES
(CONGREGATION)
6. DIOCESE – SEVERAL
PARISHES SUPERVISED
BY A BISHOP
...STRUCTURE
7. PARISH – THE LOCAL
CONGREGATION OF
CATHOLICISM WITH A
PRIEST IN CHARGE
C. RELIGION AS A
UNIFYING FORCE
1. BONDS – SHARED BELIEFS IN
TEACHINGS OF THE CHURCH
2. STABILIZING FORCE PROVIDED SECURITY OF
BELONGING TO RELIGIOUS
COMMUNITY
...UNIFYING
3. PATH TO SALVATION
a) SACRAMENTS –
RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES
NEEDED FOR SALVATION
(1) BAPTISM – BECAME
CHRISTIAN
...SACRAMENTS
(2) COMMUNION
(3) MARRIAGE
(4) CONFESSION AND
PENANCE
b) VILLAGE – BECAME
RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL
CENTER (PARISH)
D. LAW OF THE
CHURCH
1. CANON LAW
a) LAW OF THE CHURCH IN
RELIGIOUS MATTERS
(MARRIAGE, CEREMONY)
b) COURTS – ESTABLISHED
TO TRY VIOLATIONS OF
CANON LAW
...LAW
C) PUNISHMENTS
(1) EXCOMMUNICATION –
BANNED FROM CHURCH AND
SACRAMENTS
(2) INTERDICT – NO
SACRAMENTS PERFORMED
IN THE KING’S LAND
d) INQUISITION
(1) TRIALS HELD BY CHURCH
FOR HERESY
(2) CONSEQUENCES –
IMPRISONMENT, TORTURE,
DEATH, FINES
(3) SPANISH INQUISITION
WORST
II. CHURCH AND THE
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
A. OTTO I (THE GREAT)
1. OTTO & THE CHURCH
a) FORMED CLOSE
ALLIANCE W/CHURCH
b) LIMITED NOBLES
STRENGTH USING CLERGY
...OTTO
c) POWER BASE - GAINED
SUPPORT FROM BISHOPS
AND ABBOTS
d) HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE –
GERMAN - ITALIAN STATE /
STRONGEST IN EUROPE
UNTIL 1100 A.D.
III. EMPEROR CLASHES
WITH POPE
A. INTRODUCTION
1. RESENTMENT
a) GERMAN KINGS
CONTROLLED CLERGY
b) LAY INVESTITURE –
RESENTED / KINGS
APPOINTED BISHOPS
...RESENTMENT
c) CHURCH POSITION –
BISHOPS SHOULD NOT BE
CONTROLLED BY KINGS
d) GREGORY I BANNED LAY
INVESTITURE
…RESENTMENT
e) HENRY ORDERED GREGORY
TO STEP DOWN
f) GREGORY
EXCOMMUNICATED HENRY
B. CANOSSA
a) HENRY SEEKS POPE’S
FORGIVENESS
b) HENRY LEFT WAITING IN SNOW
3 DAYS
c) PROVES POWER OF THE
CHURCH & EXCOMMUNICATION
C. CONCORDAT
(TREATY) OF WORMS
1. CHURCH COULD NAME
BISHOP
2. EMPEROR COULD VETO
BISHOP
IV. DISORDER IN THE
EMPIRE
A. FREDERICK I
1. KINGDOM
a) HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
WAS PATCHWORK OF
FEUDAL ESTATES
...DISORDER
2. OTTO’S EXAMPLE
a) INVADED RICH ITALIAN
CITIES
b) POPE & ITALIAN
MERCHANT FORMED THE
LOMBARD LEAGUE IN
OPPOSITION
…DISORDER
3. FREDERICK’S WAR
a) LOST BATTLE OF LEGANO
b) 1ST USE OF CROSSBOW
c) PRINCES POWER
CONTINUED TO GROW
d) FREDERICK LOST
AUTHORITY OVER PRINCES
B. GERMAN STATE
1. REASON FOR NOT
UNIFYING
a) WARS WITH ITALIAN
CITIES
b) CONTINUED CLASHES
WITH POPE
…GERMAN STATE
2. KINGS WEAKNESSES
a) KINGS WERE ELECTED
BY PRINCES (MADE
PRINCES POWERFUL)
b) FEWER ROYAL LANDS
THAN FRENCH OR
ENGLISH KINGS
…GERMAN STATES
3. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
GERMAN STATE & ENGLISH &
FRENCH STATES
a) ENGLAND AND FRANCE
ESTABLISHED STRONG
CENTRAL AUTHORITY
b) GERMAN STATES CONTINUED
TRADITION OF CIVIL WAR
VI. CHURCH REFORM
A. SETTING THE STAGE
1. INVADERS
a. MAGYARS SEEKING
PLUNDER - SLAVES
b. VIKING DESTRUCTION OF
MONASTERIES
VI THE AGE OF FAITH
A. SPIRITUAL REVIVAL
1. RETURN TO BASIC
CHRISTIAN PRINCIPALS
2. RESTORED AND EXPANDED
CHURCH’S POWERS
3. LED BY FRENCH MONASTERY
AT CLUNY
B. PROBLEMS IN THE
CHURCH
1. MANY PRIESTS WERE
ILLITERATE
2. BISHOPS CARED MORE
FOR FEUDAL
POSSESSIONS THAN
RELIGION
...PROBLEMS IN THE
CHURCH
3. MARRIAGE – PRIESTS
WERE MARRIED WITH
FAMILIES (NOT CELIBATE)
4. SIMONY – CHURCH
POSITIONS WERE SOLD
...PROBLEMS
5. LAY INVESTITURE –
KINGS CONTROLLED
BISHOPS THROUGH
APPOINTMENT
C. REFORMS &
ORGANIZATION
1. CLUNY BEGAN TO
FOLLOW BENEDICTINE
RULES
2. BENEDICTINE ORDERS
SPREAD THROUGHOUT
CATHOLICISM
...CLUNY
3. ENFORCEMENT OF
CHURCH DOCTRINE
a) LAWS ABOUT SIMONY &
CELIBACY ENFORCED
D. REFORM AND CHURCH
ORGANIZATION
1. ORGANIZATION
a) RESTRUCTURED TO
RESEMBLE KINGDOM
…REFORM
b) CURIA CREATED TO ACT
AS POPE’S ADVISORS
(1) ACTED AS COURT
(2) DEVELOPED CANON
LAW (CHURCH LAW)
…REFORMS
2. TAXES
a) CHURCH COLLECTED
TITHES (TAXES)
b) BEGAN CARING FOR SICK
c) OPERATED MOST
EUROPEAN HOSPITALS
E. NEW RELIGIOUS
ORDERS
1. LIFE OF FRIAR
a) TRAVELED PREACHING
AND SPREADING
CHRISTIANITY
...FRIARS
b) TOOK VOWS OF POVERTY,
OBEDIENCE, & CHASTITY
c) PREACHED TO POOR
d) LIVED THROUGH BEGGING
(CHARITY)
2. FRIARS ORDERS
a) DOMINICANS
(1) SPANISH ORDER
FOUNDED BY DOMINIC
(2) EMPHASIZED
EDUCATION MANY
BECAME SCHOLARS
…ORDERS
b. FRANCISCANS
(1) FOUNDED BY SAINT
FRANCIS OF ASSISI
(2) ALL LIFE HAD A SOUL
…ORDERS
C. WOMEN’S ORDERS
(1) LIVED IN POVERTY (POOR
CLARES)
(2) HELPED SICK AND POOR
(3) DID NOT TRAVEL / LIVED IN
CONVENTS
VII. CATHEDRALS
A. INTRODUCTION
1. ROMANESQUE
a. ROUND HEAVY ARCHES
b. THICK WALLS & PILLARS
c. SMALL WINDOWS / DIMLY
LIT
2. GOTHIC
a) TALL BUILDINGS
b) LARGE WINDOWS WELL LIT
c) ART FORMS
(1) SCULPTURE
(2) WOOD CARVINGS
(3) STAINED GLASS
d) FLYING BUTTRESS – STONE BEAMS
USED TO SUPPORT WALLS
VIII. CRUSADES
A. INTRODUCTION
1. ALEXIUS – ASKED FOR
HELP AGAINST MUSLIM
TURKS
...INTRO
2. POPE URBAN II – CALLED
FOR HOLY WAR (CRUSADE
3. GOAL – TO RECOVER
HOLY LANDS ESPECIALLY
JERUSALEM AND
ANTIOCH
B. GOALS OF THE
CRUSADES
1. STOP MUSLIM ATTACKS OF
BYZANTIUM
2. REUNITE CHRISTENDOM
3. GET RID OF TROUBLESOME
KNIGHT
4. OPPORTUNITY TO GET LAND
C. FIRST & SECOND
CRUSADES
1. RESULTS OF URBAN’S
SPEECH
a. 50-60 THOUSAND
KNIGHTS BECAME
CRUSADERS (MASS
MIGRATION)
b. FEW RETURNED
THE FIRST CRUSADE
2. POLITICAL EFFECTS
a) KINGS GAINED CONTROL OF
FEUDAL LANDS
b) LEAD TO MORE POWERFUL
KINGS & THE RISE OF
NATION STATES
3. ECONOMIC EFFECTS
a. MERCHANTS PROFITED
b. PISA, GENOA, VENICE
1.) ATTEMPTED TO GAIN
CONTROL OF EASTERN
TRADE ROUTES
...VENICE
2. BECAME CENTERS FOR
REBIRTH OF CULTURAL
ADVANCEMENT IN
EUROPE (RENAISSANCE)
D. FIRST AND SECOND
CRUSADES
1. ILL-PREPARED &
UNCOOPERATIVE
a) DID NOT GEOGRAPHY,
CLIMATE, CULTURE
b) NO STRATEGY TO
CAPTURE JERUSALEM
...PREPARATION
c) LEADERS ARGUED
AMONG THEMSELVES
d) NO SUPPLY LINES
2. RESULTS
a) CAPTURED JERUSALEM
b) FOUR CRUSADER STATES
ESTABLISHED ON E.
MEDITERRANEAN COAST
(CULTURAL DIFFUSION)
3.
ND
2
CRUSADE
a) ORGANIZED TO
RECAPTURE LOST CITIES
EDESSA & JERUSALEM
b) DEFEATED BY SALADIN &
SELJUK TURKS
E.
RD
3
CRUSADE
1. ATTEMPT TO RECAPTURE
JERUSALEM
a) BARBAROSSA –
DROWNED
b) PHILIP AUGUSTUS –
RETURNED HOME
RD
...3
CRUSADE
c) RICHARD – ATTEMPTED
TO REGAIN HOLY LAND
2. RESULTS
a) SALADIN & RICHARD
AGREED TO TRUCE
b) JERUSALEM REMAINED
UNDER MUSLIM CONTROL
c) CITY REOPENED TO
CHRISTIAN PILGRIMAGE
F. FOURTH CRUSADE
1. CONSTANTINOPLE
SACKED AND LOOTED.
OCCUPIED BY CRUSADERS
G. EFFECTS OF
CRUSADES
1. TRADE
a) INCREASED TRADE
BETWEEN EUROPE AND
NEAR EAST
b) GOODS TRADED – SPICES,
FRUITS, CLOTH (SILK)
…EFFECTS
2. POLITICAL
a) WEAKENED POPE
b) WEAKENED NOBILITY
c) LOSS OF LIFE AND
FORTUNE
d) STRENGTHENING OF
THE MONARCHY
1.) NOBILITY LANDS CAME
UNDER CONTROL OF KING
2.) KINGS WERE ABLE TO
TAX NOBILITY (MONEY)
3.) KINGS CREATED
STANDING ARMIES
...STRENGTHENING
4.) FEUDAL SYSTEM BEGAN
TO BREAK DOWN
e) WEAKENED THE BYZANTINE
EMPIRE
f) LEFT TENSIONS BETWEEN
CHRISTIANS, JEWS, &
MUSLIMS
...EFFECTS
g) LED TO THE
FOUNDING OF
CRUSADER STATES
(FEUDALISM) IN THE
NEAR EAST
3. CULTURAL
DIFFUSION
a) RENEWED INTEREST IN
GRECO/ROMAN CULTURE
b) IMPORTED BYZANTINE
AND ARABIC TEXTS AND
LEARNING
...DIFFUSION
c) TEXTS TRANSCRIBED
INTO LATIN AND
VERNACULAR BY
MONASTERIES AND
MONKS
...DIFFUSION
d) VERNACULAR –
LANGUAGE OF LOCAL
AREA (FRENCH, ENGLISH)