Download 11. The Muslim World (622

11. The Muslim World (622-1629)
• 1. Rise of Islam 1/24
• 2. Islam spreads 1/25-1/28
• 3. Golden Age of Muslim
Civilization 1/29
• 4. Muslims in India 1/30
• 5. The Ottoman and Safavid
Empires 1/31
Kaaba- Mecca, Saudi Arabia
11.1 Rise of Islam.
Questions to consider…
• How did Muhammad become the prophet of Islam?
• What are the teachings of Islam?
• How did Islam help shape the way of life of its
believers?
People of the Book
• Followers of Islam are
called Muslims
• Followers of Christianity
are called Christians
• Followers of Judaism
are called Jews
Crescent Moon- Islam
Star of David- Judaism
Cross- Christianity
Divisions within Islam
• There are different sects or groups of followers within
each of these religions. For example, in Christianity,
there are Catholics and Protestants. In Islam there are
Sunnis and Shiites.
The Prophet Muhammad
• Geography- mostly desert
but farming possible through
irrigation or scattered oasesa fertile area in a desert.
• Islam emerged in the Arabian
Peninsula- today that is Saudi
Arabia
• one of the oases was called
Mecca and became a major
trading center.
• Mecca was also a pilgrimage
center where many Arabs
went to pray.
Arabian Penisnsula
Muhammad’s Vision
• people living in this region are
nomadic animal herders called
Bedouins.
• Muhammad was born in Mecca
about 570.
• He was a shepherd and a
successful merchant even
though he was illiterate.
• at 40, he heard a message from
the angel Gabriel asking him to
be the messenger of God.
Gabriel speaking to Muhammad
Muhammad’s vision cont.
• first convert to Islam
was his wife Khadija.
• devoted his life to
converting people to
Islam and submit to the
one true god, Allah.
The Hijra: A Turning Point
• initially not accepted by
Arabs and they drove him
out of Mecca in 622 AD. He
and his followers traveled to
the city of Medina or “city of
the Prophet.” This journey
was called the hijra.
• He was more accepted in
Medina and was able to
convert thousands of new
followers.
Teachings of Islam
• Islam is monotheisticbased on belief in one god.
• The Quran is the holy text
like the Bible is to
Christians and Torah is to
Jews.
The Quran- written in Arabic
Five Pillars- five duties that all
Muslims must abide by.
• 1. Declaration of faith- There is one god, Allah, and
Muhammad is his messenger.
Five Pillars- five duties that all
Muslims must abide by.
2. Pray five times a day in the direction of Mecca.
Muslims must always pray in the direction of Mecca
Five Pillars- five duties that all
Muslims must abide by.
3. Give alms or
charity to the
poor.
Five Pillars- five duties that all
Muslims must abide by.
4. Fast during the holy month of Ramadan.
If healthy enough, Muslims must not eat, drink, or smoke from sunrise to sunset
during this holy month. The timing of the holiday changes every year.
Five Pillars- five duties that all
Muslims must abide by.
5. Make the pilgrimage or hajj to Mecca at least once in a lifetim
All Muslims must wear plain, white robes when they make the hajj. This shows
equality before Allah.
The Jihad
*jihad- sometimes
misinterpreted 6th pillar
of Islam which
translated means “holy
war” or defense of
Islam.
Misinterpretation of the jihad has inspired a small
percentage of Islamic militants to engage in
terrorism against the West.
The Quran
• contains the sacred
word of god but also
tells how to life one’s
life.
• written in Arabic. All
converts must learn the
Arabic language.
God’s purest word is written in the Arabic
version of the Koran.
People of the Book
• Muslims believe in the
same one God as Jews
and Christians.
• believe that people of the
book (Muslims, Jews, &
Christians) are superior to
people who are
polytheistic.
• most practice tolerance
to other religions.
A Way of Life
• Sharia- set of laws based
on the Koran.
• Sharia is the Islamic
system of law based on
the Quran.
• does not separate
religious matters from
criminal or civil law.
Applies to all legal
situations. Sharia law
exists today in Iran.
Muslims praying in Mecca on the hajj
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Initial, Intended Impact of Islam on
Women
spiritually equal with men.
no forced marriages.
could not kill unwanted baby daughters.
could seek divorce.
was passed down less in inheritance than a man.
Started to change as Islam spread to conquered lands.
In Persia and Byzantine lands, women had to wear veils.
Questions: How did Muhammad
become the prophet of Islam?
message from angel Garbriel, converted his wife, exiled
from Mecca, made hijra to Medina, converted
thousands in Medina, came back and fought and
defeated Meccans.
What are the teachings of Islam?
• Five pillars of faith, the quran, sharia law, people of
the book.
How did Islam help shape the
way of life of its believers?
• Sharia law above state law, quran provides blueprint
for way of life.
11.2 Islam Spreads
Questions
•
How did Muslims conquer many lands?
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What movements emerged within Islam?
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Why did the empire of the caliphs decline?
Succession
• Muhammad dies and big
question is, who will lead
Muslims now?
• Question of succession, or
who comes next?
• Successor is known as a
caliph. First successor was Abu
Bakr.
• Did not satisfy everyone.
Some wanted the successor to
be a direct descendant or
relative of Muhammad.
First caliph Abu Bakr
Why Islam Spread so rapidly
• Muslims conquered parts of the Byzantine empire, Persian empire,
and worked their way into Egypt.
• Successful because of weaknesses in other empires, efficient fighting
methods, and the common faith Muhammad had provided.
Why Islam spread so rapidly
• special tax on non-Muslims but allowed them to keep
their faith and practice their own religions.
• Nomadic peoples in North Africa and Asia converted
because they liked the idea of equality within the
religion and no hierarchy of priests.
Muslims in Europe
• Conquered city of Cordoba in Spain. Became a strong
cultural and educational center.
Mezquita Cathedral. A mosque in Cordoba, Spain
Movements Within Islam
• Trouble over succession.
• The Sunni felt the caliph should be chosen by members
of the Muslim community. This would be a leader, not a
religious authority.
• The Shiites believed that only direct descendants of
Muhammad should lead the religion.
Which Countries have Shiite majorities?
Iraq and Iran with medium-sized populations in Lebanon, Yemen,
Afghanistan and Pakistan
Sunni and Shi’a
• Similar to the schism or
divide between the Roman
Catholic Church and the
Eastern Orthodox Church.
The rift still exists today.
• Both believe in the same
God, read the Quran, and
make the hajj.
• 90% are Sunni.
• Most Shiites live in Iran,
Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen.
Empire of the Caliphs
• Umayyad Dynasty rules
from Muhammad’s
death until the year 750.
• Set up a capital in
Damascus, Syria.
• territory extended from
Atlantic Ocean (Spain) to
Indus River (Pakistan)
Abbasid Dynasty
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capture Damascus in 750. Dynasty lasts until 1258.
Islam reaches greatest wealth and power under Abbasids.
New capital is Baghdad.
built domes with minarets, the slender towers of mosques.
Decline of the Caliphates- Seljuks
• Abbasid dynasty started
to fragment. Invasions
led to its decline.
• Seljuk Turks- came from
Central Asia, adopted
Islam and built a large
empire across the
Fertile Crescent.
• leader was called a
sultan. Turks would
push into Asia Minor
and threaten the
Byzantine empire.
Seljuks conquered central Asia and most of
modern day Turkey.
Crusaders
• In 1099, Christians
captured city of Jerusalem.
Fought over for years and
later reclaimed by the
Muslim general Saladin.
Sultan of Egypt and Syria- Saladin
Mongols
• In 1216, Genghis Khan
led the Mongols out
of Central Asia across
Persia and
Mesopotamia. They
captured Baghdad and
converted to Islam.
Genghis Khan- one of the most ruthless warriors
the world has ever seen. Interesting fact: 1 in 200
people living today are related to Kahn.
Questions
How did Muslims conquer many lands?
• Islam was a uniting religion, weaknesses in other empire,
military efficiency.
What movements emerged within Islam?
-Sunni, Shiite, and Suri- believers in a mystical form of Islam.
• Why did the empire of the caliphs decline?
-foreign invaders- independent dynasties, Crusades.
11.3 Golden Age of Muslim
Civilization
Questions
• How were the Muslim society and economy organized?
• What traditions influenced Muslim art and literature?
• What advances did Muslims make in centers of learning?
Society and Economy
• Muslims absorbed and blended many traditions.
• Social Classes
• social mobility- the ability to move up in social class.
• people could improve their social rank through religious,
scholarly, or military achievements.
• slavery was common from conquered lands but Muslims
themselves could not be enslaved.
International Trade Network
• merchants were honored
in society because
Muhammad was a
merchant.
• trading network using
“ships of the desert”camels, between West
Africa and the Middle East.
• Trade = WEALTH
Why were camels important for trade?
Camel caravan across the desert
Answer: Camels do not need to drink a
lot of water and deserts are very dry
Art and Literature
• Quran banned the worship
of idols- could not portray
God or human figures in
religious art.
• Mosques were decorated
with abstract and
geometric patters. Used
the arabesque styleintricate design of curved
lines. Also perfected the
art of calligraphy, or
beautiful handwriting.
Arabesque styled mosque in Uzbekistan
Architecture
• adapted domes and
arches of the
Byzantines. Built the
Dome of the Rock in
Jerusalem.
Arabesque style
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
Centers of Learning
• boys and girls attended elementary school. Emphasis on reading, writing,
and study of the Quran.
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Muslims made advancements in philosophy, math, medicine, astronomy.
• While Europe was in medieval times or the “Dark Ages” knowledge would
flow from east to west as a result of the Crusades. Cultural Diffusion.
Questions
How were the Muslim society and economy organized?
• social mobility, slaves existed.
What traditions influenced Muslim art and literature
• no idol worship, stories from the Quran, diverse, borrowed from
other civilizations. Story-telling.
What advances did Muslims make in centers of learning?
• medical textbooks, study of algebra, prescriptions.
11.4 Muslims in India
Questions
• What impact did the Delhi Sultanate have on India?
• How did Muslim and Hindu traditions clash and blend?
• How did Akbar strengthen Mughal India?
The Delhi Sultanate
• Arabs conquered the Indus
Valley in 711 and in 1100s
made Delhi the sultanate- or
land ruled by sultan. From
1206-1526 Muslims ruled in
Northern India.
• Hindu Indians could not unite
against Muslims and Muslims
were superior archers.
• Many Hindus, especially
those of a lower caste,
converted to Islam.
Why would those Hindus of a lower caste
convert to Islam?
Effects of Muslim Rule
• Many Turks, Persians, and
Arabs migrated to India to
serve as soldiers or
officials.
• trade between India and
the Muslim world
increased.
• In 1398, Delhi was invaded
and fragmented into rival
Hindu and Muslim states.
Muslims and Hindus
• Buddhism greatly declined
after monasteries were
ruined by Muslims.
Differences:
• one God vs. many gods
• worship of idols vs. rejection
of idols
• equality under god vs.
Brahmans and caste system.
Can you name some Hindu idols?
Muslims and Hindus
• Muslims left some local
Hindu leaders or rajahs in
place and began to tolerate
Hinduism a little bit more.
• new language, Urdu
evolved and was a blend of
Persian, Arabic, and Hindi.
Mughal India
• In 1526, Turks and Mongols
entered India led by Babur.
• Babur defeated the Delhi
sultanate.
• Babur’s grandson Akbar the
Great reigned from 1556 to
1605. He was a Muslim who
won support of the Hindus
through his policy of
toleration.
Akbar the Great
Akbar the Great
• Akbar opened government jobs to Hindus of all castes and
relieved non-Muslims of heavy taxes.
• Akbar’s son Jahangir followed and when he lost his wife built
the tomb, the Taj Mahal for her.
What architectural features
dominate the Taj Mahal?
Questions
What impact did the Delhi Sultanate
have on India?
-more people migrated to India,
conversions to Islam, trade increased
between India and the Muslim world.
How did Muslim and Hindu traditions clash and
blend?
-clash- one god, idols, priests/equality.
Blend- Mughals, tolerance, conversions, new
language Urdu, left rajahs in place
How did Akbar strengthen Mughal India?
-toleration, opened government jobs to
Hindus, ended taxes on non-Muslims.
11.5 The Ottoman and Safavid
Empires
Ottomans
• Took down the Byzantine city
of Constantinople in 1453.
• Suleiman the Great (15201566) organized the army
and conquered new lands.
Got as far as Eastern Europe
(Hungary) and as far east as
Mesopotamia.
• strengthened the
government, organized social
structures.
Sack of Constantinople- 1453. End of
Byzantine Empire.
Social Organization of Ottoman Turks
• At the top were “men of the pen” scientists, lawyers, judges,
and poets.
• next were “men of the sword”- soldiers.
• ”men of negotiation”- merchants, tax collectors, and artisans.
• “men of husbandry”- farmers and herders
• non-Muslims were organized into millets- or religious
communities. Similar to ghettoes.
• Ottomans took young non-Muslim boys from their parents and
turned them into Janizaries or the elite military force of the
empire.
The Safavid Empire
• Shiite Muslims in what is modern day Iran.
• Abbas the Great ruled from 1588 to 1629 and organized a
strong central government with a powerful army made up of
Janizaries.
• He became known as the shah or king.
• reduced taxes, built a new capital at Isfahan which flourished
because of the silk trade.
• empire declined after Shah Abbas died but left legacy of Shiite
Muslims in Iran.
Questions
How did the Ottoman empire expand?
• military technology- muskets, strong central governments,
cannons.
• What were the characteristics of Ottoman culture?
• arts and architecture, organized social classes.
• How did Abbas the Great strengthen the Safavid empire?
• reduced taxes, built a new capital, controlled silk trade.