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Linking marine ecosystems to human welfare and economics Kristin Magnussen (PhD Environmental and resource economics), Vista Analyse Ocean sustainability under global change, Bergen 1-2 September 2016 vista-analyse.no Content • Large field of research • Focus on environmental economic research for sustainability • Introducing the ecosystem services approach • Ecosystem services assessment and valuation • The need for more research vista-analyse.no Research for moving towards (more) sustainable and integrated management of the marine environment Purpose: • Support welfare production from the oceans through sustainable use of resources and ecosystem services of the ocean • Keep and preserve the structure, functioning, productivity and biodiversity of the marine ecosystems. • Support decision making to balance objectives from different sectors in a transparent manner vista-analyse.no The ocean provides us with plenty of goods and services – called Ecosystem Services vista-analyse.no Ecosystems, ecosystem services and human well-being (Source: MAES (Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem Services; Maes 2014) vista-analyse.no 4 main categories of Ecosystem Services 1) Provisioning (Ex. Fish, shellfish, raw materials, genetic resources) 2) Regulating (Ex. Climate regulation, waste treatment) 3) Cultural (Ex. Recreation, aesthetic, existence values) 4) Supporting (Ex. Nutrient cycles, photosynthesis ) vista-analyse.no Provisioning Ecosystem Services Ecosystem service Sea food Sea water Raw materials Genetic resources Medicinal resources Ornamental resources Description and examples All available marine fauna and flora extracted from coastal/marine environments for the specific purpose of human consumption as food(i.e. excluding for consumption as supplements) Sea water in oceans, seas and inland seas that is extracted for use in human industry and economic activity. Used for in shipping, industrial cooling, desalinization The extraction of any material from coastal/ marine environments, excluding ornamental resources, such as algae (non-food), sand, salt. The extraction of genetic material from marine flora and fauna for use in nonmarine, non-medicinal contexts, excluding the research value on Genetic Resources for cognitive development. The use of marine flora/fauna-derived genetic material to improve crop resistance to saline conditions. Any material that is extracted from the marine environment to provide medicinal benefits, Marine-derived pharmaceuticals and salt-water used for health purposes. Any material extracted for use in decoration, fashion, handicrafts, souvenirs, etc., Shells, aquarium fish, pearls, coral vista-analyse.no Regulating Ecosystem Services Air purification Climate regulation Disturbance prevention or moderation Regulation of water flows Nutrient regulation(* Waste treatment Coastal erosion prevention Biological control Lifecycle maintenance Gene pool protection Air Purification provided by a coastal and marine ecosystem, The removal of pollutants like fine dust and particular matter, sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, etc. from the air The contribution of the biotic elements of a coastal/marine ecosystem to the maintenance of a favourable climate via their impact on the hydrological cycle and their contribution to the climate-influencing substances in the atmosphere, for example the production, consumption and use by marine organisms of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapour, nitrous oxides, methane, and dimethyl sulphide; The production, consumption and use by marine organisms of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapour, nitrous oxides, methane, and dimethyl sulphide; The reduction in the intensity of and/or damage caused by environmental disturbances resulting directly from marine ecosystem structures like salt marshes, sea grass beds, and mangroves The contribution of marine and coastal ecosystems to the maintenance of localized coastal current structures. The effect of macro algae on localized current intensity; The maintenance of deep channels by coastal currents which are for shipping The removal of nutrients in coastal/marine ecosystems from waste water and riverine loadings by sedimentation, and accumulation, denitrification, etc. The removal by coastal/marine ecosystems of pollutants added to coastal/marine environments by humans through processes such as storage, burial, and biochemical recycling. The breakdown of chemical pollutants by marine microorganisms; The filtering of coastal water by shell fish. The contribution of coastal/marine ecosystems to Coastal Erosion Prevention, excluding what is covered by regulation of water flow service (i.e. transportation or deposition of sediments by coastal currents) The contribution of marine/coastal ecosystems to the maintenance of natural healthy population dynamics to support ecosystem resilience through maintaining food web structure and flows.. The support of reef ecosystems by herbivorous fish that keep algae populations in check; the role that top predators play in limiting the population sizes of opportunistic species like jelly fish and squid. The contribution of a particular habitat to migratory species’ populations through the provision of essential habitat for reproduction and juvenile maturation. The reproduction habitat of commercially valuable species that are harvested elsewhere. The contribution of marine habitats to the maintenance of viable gene pools through natural selection/evolutionary processes. Inter- and Intra-specific genetic diversity that is supported by marine ecosystems which enhances adaptability of species to environmental changes vista-analyse.no Cultural Ecosystem Services Recreation and leisure Inspiration and Culture, Art and Design Cultural heritage and identity Aesthetic information/ Landscape Information for cognitive development Spiritual experience The provision of opportunities for Recreation and Leisure that depend on a particular state of marine/coastal ecosystems. bird/whale/.-watching, beachcombing, sailing, recreational fishing, SCUBA diving, etc. The contribution that a coastal/marine ecosystem makes to the existence of environmental features that inspire elements of culture, art, and/or design. The use of a marine landscape as a motif in paintings; The use of marine environmental features (like waves) in jewellery; for instance, construction of buildings according to a marine inspired theme; the use of marine organisms or marine ecosystems in films (including Jaws and Finding Nemo) The contribution that a coastal/marine ecosystem makes to Cultural Heritage and Identity (excluding aesthetic and formal religious experiences). This includes the importance of marine/coastal environments in cultural traditions and folklore. This covers the appreciation of a coastal community for local coastal/marine environments and ecosystems (e.g. for a particular coast line or cliff formation) as well as the global importance that may be associated with a particular marine landscape. for instance, the Wadden Sea is listed as UNESCO World Heritage site. The contribution that a coastal/marine ecosystem makes to the existence of a surface or subsurface landscape that generates a noticeable emotional response within the individual observer. This includes informal Spiritual Experiences. The particular visual facets of a ‘sea-scape’ (like open ‘blue’ water), a ‘reef-scape’ (with abundant and colourful marine life), a ‘beachscape’ (with open sand), etc. that emotionally resonate with individual observers. The contribution that a coastal/marine ecosystem makes to education, research, etc. This includes the contribution that a coastal/ marine ecosystem makes to bionic design and biomimetics and to research on applications of marine Genetic Resources and pharmaceuticals. The environmental education of children and adults; The development of surfaces to reduce marine biofouling based on similar surfaces found in marine environments; the application of hydrodynamic flow analysis to marine animals for ship design; Utilization of marine animal swimming mechanisms in engineering design. The contribution that a coastal/marine ecosystem makes to formal religious experiences. This excludes that which is covered by services 17 and 21). Several Greek and Roman gods were connected to the sea; A prominent Christian symbol is the fish; Marine organisms (such as whales and salmon) sometimes play important roles in various indigenous communities’ religion vista-analyse.no Total Economic Value of changes in ES vista-analyse.no vista-analyse.no Some major threats to the environmental status of oceans • Overfishing • Habitat changes, including disturbances • Pollution (contaminants, eutrophication, marine litter) • Climate change vista-analyse.no Research needs: vista-analyse.no Research needs: • Assessment of values (monetary and non-monetary) of ALL ecosystem services – we know the most about a few of the provisioning (the commercial) ES • Linking ecosystem status and functions to ecosystem service flows and the long term values of these flows – and effects on human welfare • Linking drivers of change to changes in ecosystems and hence ecosystem services and human welfare • Linking instruments and measures to changes in drivers, ecosystems and ecosystem services and human welfare vista-analyse.no Status and gaps • For many years little happened, except for the economics of commercial fish species • For the last 5-10 years increased interest – probably trigged by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) and TEEB (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity). • In Norway NOU 2013:10 (The goods from nature – on values of Ecosystem Services) and the management plans for the Oceans (started with the plan for the Barents Sea and Lofoten) • vista-analyse.no Status and gaps: Recent years • Research studies for valuation of deep sea coral reefs and coastal culture (UiT and NMBU+) • Research study for valuation of lost welfare due to oil spills from ship accidents (Vista Analyse + IMR, NINA, DNV + international experts) • Ongoing «Coast Benefit» (NFR 2016-2019) study on values of Ecosystem Services in Coastal Zone Management (UiS, NMBU, Vista ++) Primary objective: To analyse how values of ecosystem services (ES) can be reliably estimated and combined in an amended cost-benefit analysis (CBA) framework to better understand and illuminate decisionrelevant trade-offs on different spatial and temporal scales within the coastal zone. vista-analyse.no Gaps • Still have valuation studies for a few of the marine ecosystem services only – need more, especially for cultural and to some degree regulating services. We know surprisingly little about recreation use and values for instance. Non-use values are also important – and we know little • Valuation studies for monetary and non-monetary estimates – need to improve methods for non-priced goods and services and how they should be included • Research and development of best practice for value transfer for marine ecosystem services • Bioeconomic modelling for marine resources • Research on policy instruments and measures and their consequences and effects • ++ vista-analyse.no Thank you for your attention! [email protected] Source: Institute of Marine Resources/Mareano, vista-analyse.no