Download THE ANALYSIS OF FUNCTION, CATEGORY AND ROLE IN

Asih Prihandini.
The Analysis of Function, Category and Role in
English Headlines
THE ANALYSIS OF FUNCTION, CATEGORY AND ROLE
IN ENGLISH HEADLINES
Written by Asih Prihandini,S.S.,M.Hum.
Lecturer of English Department
Abstract
A headline probably contains some simple, compound or complex
sentences. It will be very effective when it’s constructed as its
function, category and role. The analysis that will give much
contribution for understanding the context of construction is started
by using tree diagram.
I.
Introduction
Language cannot be separated from people who use it. In
learning language, someone must understand how sentences are
built. It could be done by gathering words into a phrase, then a
phrase into a clause or a sentence. Chomsky stated that knowing a
language also means being able to put words together to form
phrases and sentences that express our thought (1975: 155). The first
part deals with the definition of sentences and clauses. Meanwhile,
the second part deals with the general definition of function,
category and role.
II. Theoretical Review
A. Sentences, Clauses and Phrases
Discussing about learning language, we cannot separate it
from learning the form of sentence, clause or phrase.
1. Sentences
Frank (1972 : 220) stated that sentence is a full
predication containing a subject plus a predicate with a finite
verb. Its arrangement may be symbolized by such as SVO
(subject + verb + object), NIVN2 (noun + verb + noun), or NP
+ VP (noun phrase + verb phrase).
a. Characteristic of Sentence
1
Jurnal Ilmu Sastra Vol. 6 No.1, Mei 2011. Hal 1- 21
To break the sentence into their morpheme, it needs a
rule called as “Phrase Structural Rules”. These are the
phrase structural rules:
Sentence
Noun phrase + Verb phrase
VP
Verb + noun Phrase
NP
Determiner + Noun
Verb
Auxiliaries + Main verb
Determiner
{ the, a, an, my, some, …}
Noun
{ box, book, shoes, …}
Auxiliaries
{ can, may, should, …}
Main verb
{ read, eat, sleep, …}
b. Classification of Sentence
There are many ways used to classify sentences, that is,
classified sentences by typing and numbering of
prediction:
a. Classification of Sentences by typing
1) Declarative sentence (statement)
In a declarative sentence the subject and
predicate have normal word order (Frank, 1972 :
220). For example: The girl read her book.
2) Interrogative sentence (question)
In this sentence the subject and auxiliaries are
often reversed. It ends with a question mark in
writing (1972 : 221).
For example: Did the girl read her book?
3) Imperative Sentence (command, request)
In this sentence, only the predicate is expressed
and the simple form of the verb is used, regardless
of a person or tense (Frank, 1972 : 221).
For example: Read your book.
4) Exclamatory sentence (exclamation)
Such sentences begin with an exclamatory phrase
consisting of what or how plus a part of the
predicate (frank, 1972 : 221).
For example: What a wonderful tonight!
b. Classification of sentences by Numbering of Prediction
2
Asih Prihandini.
The Analysis of Function, Category and Role in
English Headlines
1) Simple Sentence
Such sentence has only one full prediction in the
form of independent clause (Frank, 1972 : 222).
E.g.: The boy opened the door.
2) Compound Sentence
Such sentence has two or more full prediction in
the form of independent clause (Frank, 1972 :
223).
For example: The boy opened the door and
walked into his room.
3) Complex Sentence
Such sentence also has two or more full
prediction, one of these is an independent clause
(or, main, clause) that is similar to form of the
simple sentence, and one more of these are
dependent clause (or, subordinate clauses) (Frank,
1972 : 222)
E.g.: The boy who opened the door walked into his
room.
4) Compound-complex Sentence
This sentence contain two or more independent
clause and one or more dependent clauses (Frank,
1972 : 223).
E.g.: The boy who opened the door and walked
into his room and took a rest.
2. Clauses
A clause is usually defined as any group of words
containing a subject and a verb. Frank (1972 : 223) said that
the balance of this term would be concerned with the
independent and dependent clauses resulting from the two or
more full predications into a single sentence.
a. Independent Clauses
Independent clause is a clause, which can become free
sentences potentially (Kridalaksana, 1993 : 111)
i. Independent Clauses Joined by Punctuation Alone
3
Jurnal Ilmu Sastra Vol. 6 No.1, Mei 2011. Hal 1- 21
Usually, no more than two independent clauses joined
with a semicolon unless the clauses are parallel (Frank,
1972 : 224)
For example: Linda was sick; she did not come to the
party.
ii. Independent
Clauses Joined
by
Coordinate
Conjunctions (and, or, not, but, yet, so, for)
A semicolon may appear before a coordinate
conjunction joining clauses if there is already internal
punctuation within one and more of the clauses
(Frank, 1972 : 224).
E.g.: Linda was sick, so she did not come to the party.
iii. Independent Clauses Joined by Conjunction Adverbs
The conjunction adverbs, which join independent
clauses, behave both as conjunctions and as adverbs
(Frank, 1972 : 226).
E.g.: Linda was sick; therefore, she did not come to the
party.
b. Dependent clauses
Dependent clause is a clause, which cannot stand
independently as a complete sentence but it can be a
minor sentence with final intonation (Kridalaksana, 1993 :
112).
In a dependent clause, the full predication is altered in
such a way that the clause must be attached to another
clause, an independent clause. The alteration may be an
added introductory word or a change in the form of the
subject or object (Frank, 1972 : 228).
There are three types of dependent clauses, named
according to their function in the sentence:
i. Adverbial clause
E.g.: The examination was finished because the bell
rang. (Because the bell rang modifies the verb
finished).
ii. Adjective clause
E.g.: The man who wins the game will go to Bali.
(Who wins the games modifies the noun man).
4
Asih Prihandini.
The Analysis of Function, Category and Role in
English Headlines
iii. Noun clause
E.g.: I didn’t see whether the car’s color is black or
white. (Whether the car’s color is black or white
functions as the object of see).
3. Phrases
Phrase is a group of words, which has a unit of
definition, but it cannot be a complete sentence (Murdibjo &
Murdibjo, 1991: 22). In English, there are several kinds of
phrase:
a. Noun phrase
Noun phrase is a group of words, which has a unit of
definition, and totally functioned as noun (Murdibjo &
Murdibjo, 1991: 22). Noun phrase can be function as
subject, object, complement or prepositional phrase in a
sentence.
For example :
The beautiful girl in the corner is Fransisca Molley.
S
b. Verb phrase
Verb phrase is a group of words, which forms a verb
(Kamil, 1997: 21).
For example : Rudy will come tonight.
c. Adjective phrase
Adjective phrase is a group of words, which forms an
adjective (Kamil, 1997: 22).
For example : My teacher is very beautiful.
B. Function, category and role
According to Chaer (1997: 207), the first terms (S, V, O,
Adjunct) are related to syntactic function. The second one (N, V,
Adj., Nm) is related to syntactic category. While the third one
(Agent, Patient, Receiver) are related to syntactic role.
1. Function
Function means a simply formal constituents-unbound on a
certain semantic element, also unbound on a certain categorical
element (Verhaar, 2001: 167). As explained above, function is
related to the term subject, predicate, and object. Considering
5
Jurnal Ilmu Sastra Vol. 6 No.1, Mei 2011. Hal 1- 21
the statement, the writer tries to give a description of the terms
as follows:
a. Subject
Subyek adalah apa yang berada dalam keadaan yang
diartikan oleh verba di tempat predikat, atau apa yang
mengalami kejadian yang diartikan oleh verba (bervalensi
satu, atau bervalensi lebih dari tapi dalam bentuk pasif), atau
apa yang melakukan hal-hal yang diartikan oleh verba
[Subject is something exist in a condition, which is meant by
verb in the place of predicate; or something that get process
meant by verb (has one or more than one valence in passive
voice); or something, which does the thing meant by verb]
(Verhaar, 2001: 166).
It means that subject is part of a sentence expresses someone
or something which being the main discussion or topics.
According to Fromkin (1990: 185), there are two kinds of
subject. They are logical and structural subject.
i. Logical subject is the subject that always comes in the
beginning of the sentence.
ii. Structural subject is the subject that does not always
come in the beginning of the sentence but it comes
before the predicate.
Their distinctions are illustrated in:
a.1. The cat bit the boy.
a.2. The boy was bitten by the cat.
In both a.1. and a.2. the logical subject- the doer of the action
is the cat. Only in a.1. is the cat the structural subject.
b. Predicate
Predicate is a part of sentence, which expresses information
about subject of the sentence (Nuryanto, 1990: 1). In English,
every predicate has to use verb. There are several types of
verb, they are:
i. Predicating or Linking Verbs
A predicating verb is the chief word in the predicate that
says something about the subject (Frank, 1972: 48). For
example: I see him.
6
Asih Prihandini.
The Analysis of Function, Category and Role in
English Headlines
A linking verb (copulative verb) is a verb of incomplete
predication; it merely announces that real predicate
follows (Frank, 1972: 48).
For example: It is a big dog.
The more common linking verbs are : appear, be,
become, get (in the sense of become), look, remain, seem.
ii. Transitive or Intransitive Verb
A transitive verb takes a direct object, while an
intransitive verb does not require an object (Frank, 1972:
49). All linking verbs are intransitive. For example:
He is watching a television.
Transitive
S
P
O
She is walking in the beach.
Intransitive
S
P
adv
iii. Reflexive verb
A reflexive verb requires one of the compounds with –
self (reflexive pronoun) as its object –express oneself, wash
oneself, pride oneself, avail oneself (Frank, 1972: 50).
For example: Fanny swept the floor and then cleaned it
clearly.
iv. Auxiliary or Lexical Verbs
Two or more words may be joined together into a
single verb phrase that functions as the full verb the
predicate. The first part of the verb phrase is the
auxiliary (or auxiliaries), and the second part is the
lexical verb (will be, arriving). The lexical verb is often
called the main verb, but in order to avoid confusion, we
are reserving the term main verb for the verb in the
main clause. Some verbs used as auxiliaries may also
occur independently, such as be, have, and do. Other
verbs function chiefly as auxiliaries and must be used
with a lexical verb, such as shall, will, can, must, may,
should, could, and might.
v. Finites or Non-Finites Verbs
A finites verb is a lexical verb with or without
auxiliaries that act as the full verb may have – person,
number, tense, voice, etc (frank, 1972: 51). For example:
7
Jurnal Ilmu Sastra Vol. 6 No.1, Mei 2011. Hal 1- 21
Sissy goes to the office. (The finite verb of the sentence
is “does”, and the verbal is go).
Non-finite (or infinite) verbs are incomplete verb form
that function as other parts of speech than verbs (Frank,
1972: 51). They consist of the infinitive forms and the
participial –ing or –ed forms. The non-finite forms,
which are also called verbal, are not limited by person or
number, but they have voice and some tense.
For example:
The man standing behind my mother is Mr. Andy.
Standing in the sentence above is a participle used as an
adjective to modify man.
vi. Infinitive with To (to+V1)
Infinitive with to is a base of verb with to. In a sentence,
infinitive with to is used to:
As subject
E.g.: To read is good for developing our knowledge.
To read to + infinitive subject
As Noun Modifier (explaining the previous noun).
E.g.: I don’t have much time to sleep.
As Modifier of Adjective (Fulfilling the previous
meaning of adjective).
E.g.: The lesson are easy to understand.
Shows an objective / a purpose.
E.g.: She goes to school in order to get study.
After ‘wh-‘ word (when, where, how, etc).
E.g.: I don’t know what time to go.
To + infinitive with its subject.
E.g.: It is good for you to take a rest.
Other forms of ‘to + infinitive’
a) Shows future action or state
E.g.: If we are to win the game, we must do our
best.
b) Can change future tense
E.g.: We are to come into the party tonight.
c) Stating order in relation with future
8
Asih Prihandini.
d)
e)
f)
g)
The Analysis of Function, Category and Role in
English Headlines
E.g.: You are to sit here.
Stating prohibition order in future
E.g.: You are not to sit here.
Stating fate
E.g.: Rani doesn’t know what is to happen to her.
After verbs seem, appear, happen.
E.g.: She seems to be happy.
Passive infinitive
E.g.: You are to be congratulated.
c. Object
Object is a person or a thing to which an action,
feeling, etc, is directed (Verhaar, 2001: 166). Similar to
subject, Fromkin (1990: 185), divided it into two kinds, they
are:
i. Direct object is an object, which is logically directed by
subject and always comes after predicate.
E.g.: Megawati says no to war.
ii. Indirect object.
E.g.: Residents brave floods to protect belonging.
2.
Category
Category is often called “word classed” or “parts of speech”,
such a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, ad position
(preposition and post position), etc (Verhaar, 2001: 170)
a. Noun
If a word gives a name to an individual person or a
thing or to some kinds of person or things, the word is
noun (Nesfield, 1950: 15). Noun are divided into 5
different kinds, they are:
i. Proper Noun
A proper noun is a name given to one particular
person or thing and it is not intended to denote
more than one person or thing at a time (Nesfield,
1950: 15). They always begin with a capital letter.
For example: Albert Einstein, Canada, Titanic, and so
on.
9
Jurnal Ilmu Sastra Vol. 6 No.1, Mei 2011. Hal 1- 21
ii. Common Noun
A noun, which denotes to one person or thing in
particular, but is common to all persons or things of
the same kind, the noun is common (Nesfield, 1950:
16). For example: “woman” (The word “woman”
here does not be used for any and every woman).
iii. Collective Noun
I is a noun, which denotes a group, collection or
multitude, considered as one complete whole
(Nesfield, 1950: 17). For instance: team, crew,
orchestra, and jury.
iv. Material Noun
It is a noun, which denotes the matter or substance
of which certain things are made (Nesfield, 1950:
17). As the following examples: water, grass, air,
etc.
v. Abstract Noun
It denotes some quality, state, or action apart from
any object or objects (Nesfield, 1950: 18).
For example: theory, virtue, hope, sorrow, etc.
b. Pronoun
Pronoun are words that take the place of noun. They
also refer to noun (Young & symonik. 1958:15). There
are several groups of pronoun:
i. Personal pronoun: I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it,
we, us, they, them.
ii. Relative pronoun: who, whom, which, that,
whose, what.
E.g. The man who (subject) stands behind me is
my uncle.
iii. Interrogative pronoun (used in question): who,
whom, which, whose, what. E.g.:
Whose car
is it?
iv. Demonstrative pronoun (pointing out): this, that,
these, those.
E.g.: Of all artist I have cased, these are the best.
10
Asih Prihandini.
The Analysis of Function, Category and Role in
English Headlines
v. Indefinite pronoun: one, each, anyone, no one,
someone, anybody, everybody, none, any, both,
neither, either, nothing, anything, all.
E.g.: Which of these books have you read? None.
vi. Reflexive pronoun: myself, yourself, himself,
herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and
themselves.
E.g.: I wrote that theme myself
vii. Reciprocal pronoun: each other, one another.
E.g.: They love each other.
c. Verb
Verbs are word that indicate action, state or condition,
existence, or what is perceived by the sense-touch,
taste, hearing, seeing, and smelling (Young & Symonik,
1958: 29). In the following sentences, the italicized
words are verbs :
- Billy studies French
- Patty is beautiful.
When used in complete sentences, verbs must agree
with their subjects. If the subject is singular, the verb
must be singular. If the subject is plural, the verb must
be plural, for example:
- He reads. We read
d. Adjective
An adjective is a word that tells us something about
noun or pronoun. Adjective are said to modify or limit
nouns or pronouns (Young & Symonik, 1958: 49).
Adjectives do not always stand before the nouns or
pronouns they modified. For example: The candy is
sweet.
e. Adverb
Adverb are words that tell us something about modify
verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs (Young &
Symonik, 1958: 50). They usually answer such question
as “when?” “where?” “how?” “To what extent?”
In order words, adverbs indicate time, place, manner,
and degree. For instance:
11
Jurnal Ilmu Sastra Vol. 6 No.1, Mei 2011. Hal 1- 21
- Come early! (Time)
- Sit here! (Place)
Adverbs may be formed from many adjectives by
adding the suffix –ly:
great
greatly;
rapid
rapidly;
serious
seriously;
beautiful
beautifully (but full fully);
f. Preposition
A preposition is a word; sometimes a group of two or
three words, used to join nouns or pronouns to other
words or part of sentence and to show their
relationship (Young & Symonik, 1958: 63). Words used
with prepositions usually follow them and are object of
the preposition. Preposition are said to govern ‘the’
that follow.
For example: She puts the glasses on the table.
g. Conjunction
Words that serve to connect or to join words, phrase,
or part of sentences are called conjunction or
connectives (Young & Symonik, 1958: 69).
i. Coordinate conjunctions (and, or, but, neither,
nor) are conjunctions, which join words or phrase
or parts of sentences that are equal value or
independent.
For example: My father is watching TV and I am
doing my homework.
ii. Subordinating conjunctions are conjunctions,
which connect or join the part of a sentence that
is dependent to another part called independent.
For example: When a battery is weak, it must be
recharged.
3. Role
Verhaar defined role as the meaning of verb’s argument, so
that it is rooted on verb (2001: 167). Meanwhile, according
12
Asih Prihandini.
The Analysis of Function, Category and Role in
English Headlines
to Gerot & Wignell (1994: 52), role is related to
circumstances, processes and participants.
a. Circumstances
Circumstances is the answer such question as when,
where, why, how, how many, and as what (Gerot &
Wignell, 1994: 52).
i. Time (temporal): usually tells about when and
is probed when ?
How often? How long?
e.g. My father goes to the office everyday.
ii. Place (spatial): tells about where and how far.
e.g. My father goes to the office everyday.
iii. Manner: tells about how
e.g. My father goes to the office everyday by
his car.
iv. Cause: tells about why
e.g. She goes to school to get study
v. Accompaniment
e.g. He goes out of the room with a smiling
face.
vi. Matter
e.g. This article is talking about daily activities.
vii. Role
e.g. My mother cooks well as a chef.
b. Processes
Processes are central to transitivity (Gerot & Wignell,
1994: 54). There are several kinds of processes:
i. Material
Material processes are processes of material
doing, which usually express the notion that some
entity physically does something (Gerot & Wignell,
1994: 55). e.g. I write a letter.
ii. Behavioral
Behavioral
processes
are
processes
of
physiological and physiological behavior, like
breathing, dreaming, snoring, smiling, hiccupping,
looking, watching, listening, and pondering (Gerot
13
Jurnal Ilmu Sastra Vol. 6 No.1, Mei 2011. Hal 1- 21
& Wignell, 1994: 60). For example: Billy is watching
television now.
iii. Mental
Mental processes are ones of sensing: feeling,
thinking, perceiving (Gerot & Wignell, 1994: 58).
For example: I want to buy a book.
iv. Verbal
Verbal processes are processes of saying, or more
accurately, of symbolically signaling (Gerot &
Wignell, 1994: 62). For example: JSC announces
truce violations.
v. Relational
Relational processes are processes of being and
having (Gerot & Wignell, 1994: 67). For example:
Wednesday was the deadline.
vi. Existential
Existential processes are processes of existence
(Gerot & Wignell, 1994: 72). E.g.: There are your
books on the table.
vii. Mateorological
Mateorological processes are processes of
weathering (Gerot & Wignell, 1994: 73). For
example: It is cool.
c. Participant
Participants are people who involve in the event
(Gerot & Wignell, 1994:52). They are identified
according to the process :
Process
Type
14
Category
meaning
Participants
Asih Prihandini.
Material
Behavioral
Mental
Verbal
Relational
Existential
The Analysis of Function, Category and Role in
English Headlines
Doing,
happening
Behaving
Sensing
Saying, signaling
Being
existing
Actor, goal
Behaver, Range
Senser, Phenomenon
Sayer, target, Recevier
Carier, attribute, token,
value
Existent
III. Discussion
The structural description on function, category, and role are
used in analyzing the data.
Data 1 : Imlek blessed, but equality still elusive
Imlek
(was ) blessed
Function
Category
Structural
subject
Proper noun
Predicate
VP
(was)
Role
Goal
F
Process Mental
blassed
V3
15
Jurnal Ilmu Sastra Vol. 6 No.1, Mei 2011. Hal 1- 21
Function
Category
but
Co.
conj
equality
Logical
subject
Abstract
noun
(is)
still elusive
Predicate
complement
F
Adjective
Phrase
Still
Role
-
Carrier
elusive
Adv
adj
Attributive attribute
The headline is a compound sentence that consists of two finite
verbs “was” and “is” in the form of independent clauses. There is a
coordinate conjunction ‘but’, which connects the clauses. Based
on the category analysis above, the sentence should be: “Imlek is
blessed, but equality is still elusive”.
Data 2. Powel puts case to UN, others not convinced
Powel
puts
case
to UN
Logical
Direct
Function
predicate
complement
subject
object
Category Proper
V (T)
N
NP
noun
Does
put
F
verbal
To
Prep
United
Role
16
Actor
Process:
Material
Goal
recipient
UN
NP
Nation
Asih Prihandini.
The Analysis of Function, Category and Role in
English Headlines
others
Structural
Subject
N
Function
Category
(are) not convinced
predicate
VP
(are) not
convinced
F
Role
V3
Process: Mental
Phenomenon
The headline above is a complex sentence, which consists of an
independent clause “Powel puts case to UN and a dependent
clause “others (were) not convinced”. It’s found that there are two
finite verbs “does” ; and “are”, which should come together with
V3 (past participle)
Data 3. Tens of thousands say no to war in Iraq
Tens of thousands
Function logical subject
say
no to war
in Iraq
predicate
direct
object
adjunct
NP
Category
Tens
V (T)
NP
Adverb Phrase
of thousands
N
Do
say
F
verbal
no
NP
NP
of
Prep
Role
to
Prep
thousands
N
Sayers
in
Prep
Process:
verbal
Iraq
proper
noun
war
N
Process:
Material
Circ: place
17
Jurnal Ilmu Sastra Vol. 6 No.1, Mei 2011. Hal 1- 21
The headline above is a simple sentence that has a finite verb “do”
in the verbal “say”. The functions of the headline appear in a good
order and are well sequenced.
Data 4. NATO vetoes frustrate US as UN debates Iraq proposal
NATO vetoes
Frustrate
US
Function Logical object
predicate
Direct object
NP
V (T)
NP
Category
NATO
vetoes
N
do
F
frustrate
Verbal
United
N
State
N
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Role
as
Function Category conj
UN
Logical subject
-
debates
Predicate
NP
United
N
Role
Process:
Material
Actor
V (T)
Nation
N
Actor
Does
F
Goal
Iraq proposal
Direct object
NP
debate
Verbal
Process:
Material
Iraq
proposal
Proper
Noun
Noun
Goal
The above data is a complex sentence. It has “NATO vetoes
frustrate US” as an independent clause and “as UN debates Iraq
proposal” as a dependent clause. Observing the English grammar,
the first clause (independent clause) has a finite verb “do”, while
the second clause (dependent clause) has a finite verb “does”.
18
Asih Prihandini.
The Analysis of Function, Category and Role in
English Headlines
Data 5. Key suspect details how bombings were staged.
Function
Category
Key suspect
Logical subject
NP
Key
N
Role
Actor
Function
How
-
Category
details
Predicate
V (T)
suspect
N
does
F
detail
verbal
Process: Material
Interrogative
pronoun
Bombings
Structural
subject
N
Were staged
predicate
VP
Were
F
Role
-
staged
V3
Goal
Process:
Material
The headline above is a complex sentence, which consists of an
independent clause “key suspect details” and a dependent clause
“how bombings were staged”. It’s found the finite verb “ does”
and “were” in it.
IV. Conclusion
The analysis which used structural description of function,
category and role found that not all of the function, category and role
must appear in a string sentence such as the object or adjunct. Most
of the headlines have a good sequence, even in a complete form
SPOA. The elimination of elements or part of elements also happens
19
Jurnal Ilmu Sastra Vol. 6 No.1, Mei 2011. Hal 1- 21
in the analysis of the headline. They are, such as the elimination of
modifier and the elimination of elements; including the elimination of
verb, “be” in present continuous tense, and the elimination of “to
be” in passive voice. It can cause misinterpreting in understanding
the meaning.
V. References
Abdul chaer. 1994. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta
Chomsky, N. 1957. Syntactic Structure. Moulton: The Hague
Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English, A Practical Reference Guide.
New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc
Fromkin, Victoria. Et. Al. 1990. An Introduction to Language.
Australia: Harcourt&company
Gerot, Linda&Peter Wignell.1994. Making sense of Functional
Grammar: An Introductory Work book. Australia: Gerd Stabler
Antipdean Educational Enterprise (AEE)
Hornby, AS. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of current
English, Fifth Edition. Oxford : Oxford Univ. Pres
_______. 1995. Oxford Ensiklopedi Pelajar: Jilid I. Oxford: Oxford
Univ. Press
Kamil, RAG. 1977. Mengenal Struktur Kalimat Bahasa Inggris &
Latihannya. Bandung: Tarsito
Kridalaksana, Harimukti. 1993. Kamus Linguistik : Edisi Ketiga,
Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Murdibjo& Arwijati Murdibjo. 1991. Suplemen Bahasa Inggris.
Malang: IKIP Malang
20
Asih Prihandini.
The Analysis of Function, Category and Role in
English Headlines
Nesfield, JC. 1950. Outline of English Grammar (revised edition).
London: Maximillan and Co., Limited
Nuryanto, F. 1990. Essentials of English Sentence Structure.
Yogyakarta: Yayasan I.K.K
Verhaar, J.W.M. 1977. Pengantar Linguistik I. Jakarta: Indonesia Univ.
Press
______. 1996. Asas-Asas Linguistik Umum. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada
Univ. Press
Webster, Merriam. 1981. Webster’s Third International Dictionary
ogf The English Language. Vol. II USA: Merriam Webster, Inc
Young, Charles E. and Emil F. Symonik. 1958. Practical English, An
Introduction to Composition. New York: Mc. Graw-Hill Book
Company, Inc
21