Download Survey of Kingdoms Notes KEY

Survey through the Kingdoms—Student Review Sheet
Looking at examples of the life processes in bacteria, protists, fungi, plants & animals …
MODES OF NUTRITION
NUTRITION IN SIMPLE ORGANISMS
Protists:
Exhibit all three modes of nutrition:
 Photosynthesis or autotrophism
 Ingestion or heterotrophy
 Absorption.
Bacteria
 Exhibit both autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
 Use chemosynthesis: the production of carbohydrates through the use of energy from inorganic molecules.
 Bacteria are also decomposers; feeding on dead and decaying matter
NUTRITION IN FUNGI
Each phyla gets their nutrients in different ways:
 Saprophytic/decomposers
 Parasitic
 The fungi take in the nutrients after using enzymes to break down food and then absorbing the nutrients
 These are crucial to cycling matter in the environment (carbon cycle).
NUTRITION IN PLANTS
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Use a process called photosynthesis to make their own food.
Plants, as well as a few protists (euglena/algae) and some bacteria make their own food by this above process.
Photosynthetic organisms have a special adaptation (specialized pigment) called chlorophyll which allows them
to capture the energy from the sun, converting this radiant energy into chemical energy, glucose (C6H12O6).
NUTRITION IN ANIMALS
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Animals are heterotrophs, which means that they must obtain food from other sources.
Digestion occurs within (ingestive) the animal’s body, and carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and other organic
molecules are extracted from the material or cells.
Herbivores: Animals that eat mainly plants
o Includes: Leaves, grass, flowers, seeds, roots, fruits, bark, pollen
Carnivores: Animals that eat meat
o Includes: Insects and all other animals.
Omnivores: Animals that can eat both plants and animals
o Includes: leaves, bark, insects, animals
NUTRITION IN ANIMALS
Detritovores : Animals that consume or feeds on dead things or on the parts or wastes of other organisms.
MODES OF RESPIRATION & TRANSPORTATION
RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS ON LAND
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Many organisms have small respiratory systems with lungs
Lungs are elastic, sponge-like organs that exchange gases between body tissues and the air.
Alveoli are tiny balloon-shaped sacs that diffuse the air from the lungs to the capillaries (simple diffusion)
Carbon dioxide is returned to atmosphere by breathing out (exhalation)
RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS IN WATER
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Most aquatic animals use gills for respiration.
Gills: specialized tissues containing blood vessels that take in oxygen dissolved in water
Fish take in water through their mouths then the water flows over the fish’s gills and the gills take the oxygen
out of the water. (Diffusion)
At the same time, carbon dioxide in the blood vessels is released into water as it flows out. (Diffusion)
Can be difficult and water can have low levels of oxygen
Unique gill adaptations:
o ________________: Gills are located in central body cavity and water is pumped through there—
Examples: ____________________________
o __________________: Gills are located on legs and as they _______, water moved over the gills—
Examples: ____________________________
RESPIRATION IN AMPHIBIANS
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Amphibians spend part of their life completely under water and then the other part; they live in the water and
on land.
Frogs live in the water as a tadpole (young) and eventually show complete metamorphosis and live in both
places as an adult frog.
As a tadpole, they use _______________ and move to create movement of water past the lungs
As an adult, they create thin ________________ that are connected to the mouth
Frogs also use their skin to diffuse gases into their body.
RESPIRATION USING SKIN
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Several animals exchange gases for respiration using their skin, like a frog
Organisms that use skin:
o Are usually thick-skinned
o Are fairly small in size
o Skin must stay moist to exchange the gases
Examples:
Earthworms (Annelids or segmented worms): Secrete mucus and live in moist soil to keep skin moist
Arthropods (insects, spiders, mites, centipedes): Exchange gases using tracheal tubes which deliver oxygen
directly to tissues, and pick up carbon dioxide for removal
TRANSPORT IN UNICELLULAR: BACTERIA, PROTISTS AND FUNGI
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Unicellular Organisms such as:
o Bacteria (cyanobacteria, E.coli)
o Protests (Amoeba, Paramecia, Euglena)
o Fungi (yeasts)
Small organisms do not require an internal transport system.
Diffusion/osmosis through the cell membrane is what they use to get food and gases to their cell parts.
TRANSPORT IN SIMPLE MULTI-CELLULAR PLANTS & ANIMALS
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Examples:
o Simple plants such as bryophytes (mosses)
o Simple animals such as porifora (sea anemones) & platyhelminthes (or flatworms)
o These organisms (like unicellular organisms) have a small surface area to volume ratio.
Once inside the cells, the distances to travel to other parts are small—so once again diffusion is sufficient.
TRANSPORT IN MULTI-CELLULAR PLANTS & ANIMALS
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The opposite occurs: Most multi-cellular organisms that have tissues, organs and organ systems
LARGE organisms have a large surface area to volume ratio.
Most complex organisms have waxy cuticles, scales, skin, hair and or feathers which are not semi-permeable to
allow diffusion.
Therefore, there is a need for a transport system (circulatory) system.
Diffusion is not fast enough to reach all cells to allow survival.
TRANSPORTED MATERIALS:
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Useful: Oxygen, digested or manufactured food, water, minerals, glucose, antibodies, plasma proteins etc.
Wastes: carbon dioxide, nitrogeneous waste
Harmful: toxins, drugs
TRANSPORT IN MULTICELLULAR PLANTS & ANIMALS
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Both transport systems in plants and animals use water as the basis for transport since it is:
o A good solvent
o Has a high specific heat (doesn’t change temperature easily)
o Is not too viscous (thick)
Both animals and plants have more than 1 type of tissue which is specialized to make _________ _________.
TRANSPORT ADAPTATIONS IN MULTICELLULAR PLANTS
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Plants have specialized tissues called Vascular Tissues:
Xylem – tube-like cells that carry water and dissolved minerals such as nitrates and nitrites-UP/against gravity from the roots to the rest of the plant.
Phloem – tube-like cells that carry carbohydrates such as glucose – DOWN - from the leaves and other
photosynthetic organs to the rest of the plant.
TRANSPORT IN SIMPLE MULTICELLULAR ANIMALS
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Some animals have a transport system that is “open”—Examples: Some Arthropods (insects & crustaceans)
An open circulatory system is one in which the fluids are not contained in vessels. Instead the fluids just “bath”
the tissues and provide them with necessary gases and nutrients.
TRANSPORT ADAPTATIONS IN MULTICELLULAR ANIMALS
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In the circulatory system of mammals, such as humans, the blood vascular system is made up of: blood & blood
vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) & heart
Mammals have a closed circulatory system i.e. blood circulates constantly from a pump through a series of tubes
and back to the pump.
Arteries carry blood away from heart
Veins carry blood towards heart
MODES OF EXCRETION
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Definition: The process by which organisms remove waste from their cells or bodies to maintain homeostasis.
All organisms produce waste products, as a result of the chemical reactions they perform (metabolism).
Wastes include: water, toxins, carbon dioxide, nitrogeneous wastes (contain nitrogen).
Some organisms have sophisticated organ systems for this process, others are very simple.
 Excretion is necessary in order to maintain the balance of homeostasis
 If an organism cannot rid itself of waste, it will die from septicemia
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Certain organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, remove waste products through the simple process of diffusion
These move substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
EXCRETION IN PROTISTS
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Protists such as paramecium use contractile vacuoles to remove water.
Osmosis works along with diffusion to remove wastes.
EXCRETION & RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
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Plants use their stomata to take in and remove gases & water.
The stoma are usually found on the underside of the leaf or in the case of cacti, on their stems.
EXCRETION IN VERTEBRATES
There are 3 types of nitrogenous wastes in vertebrate animals:
 Ammonia
 Urea
 Uric acid
o All can be toxic.
o Vertebrate animals use kidneys to rid their system of nitrogenous wastes.
THE NEPHRON OF THE KIDNEY
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The kidney is made up of many functional units called nephrons
There are 1 million nephrons in each adult human kidney
Their job is to filter blood as it passes through the kidneys and collect waste in the bladder for elimination.
OTHER EXCRETORY ORGANS:
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____________________: Excrete carbon dioxide—a waste gas.
____________________: Excretes water, salts & urea.
MODES OF REPRODUCTION
BACTERIA REPRODUCTION
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Binary fission: Asexual reproduction that produces identical DNA for parent and new cell. *NO VARIATION
Conjugation: Sexual reproduction where 2 or more “mating bridges” link pili together and exchange DNA
fragments. Allows for genetic variation.
o Transformation: DNA from viruses is taken into bacterial cells and mixed with bacterial DNA. This, also,
gives variation.
REPRODUCTION IN PROTIST
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Protists can reproduce by binary fission to produce an offspring that is genetically identical. *NO VARIATION
Budding; A piece of the parent breaks off to form a new, genetically identical individual. NO VARIATION!
They can conjugate: sexual reproduction—This allows for DNA to be exchanged to give variation of the DNA in
the population.
REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI
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Fungi can reproduce by budding: an asexual offspring grows from parent plant.
o Genetically identical offspring to parent. NO VARIATION.
Hyphae can join and combine DNA.
o Sexual reproduction, gives variation in the DNA.
Spores are produced by fungi.
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
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Can asexually reproduce: Fragmenting, vegetative propagation, grafting
Can sexually reproduce:
4 phyla of plants:
o Bryophytes (mosses) & Ferns
 Reproduce with spores
o Gymnosperms
 Reproduce with cones (naked seeds) seeds
o Angiosperms.
 Reproduce with seeds in flowers (protected seeds) seeds
REPRODUCTION USING SEEDS
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Germination: (seed growth) occurs when gymnosperms and angiosperms are in favorable conditions
______________ and _______________ are produced by sexual reproduction.
Seed plants produce sperm and eggs that join to make a zygote
Flower: produces sperm seeds (pollen) and contains eggs (in ovaries)
Methods of seed dispersal:
 Wind, water, or animals
REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
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Classified into 9 phyla in the Animal Kingdom
Can be done asexually—reproduce by fragmenting or budding
o Example: Sponges—Phyla Cnidarian
Can be done sexually—reproduce using gametes
Aquatic animals release sperm into the water and swim to the egg: external fertilization
Terrestrial animals, both external & internal fertilization can occur.
MODES OF GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT ON A CELLULAR LEVEL
Remember…stem cells are important to the development process:
 Stem cells: undifferentiated cells that will be specialized into a specific type of cell with specific
structure/function. (multi-cellular organisms)
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN BACTERIA
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Grow and develop during the G1, G2 phases of the cell cycle.
Energy for growth/development comes from ATP (made from cell respiration).
Done in the cytoplasm, using the cell membrane for the ETC (last stage).
Start out smaller, create proteins for structure.
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN PROTISTS
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False feet (pseudopods) in amoebas help with movement
Cilia and flagella are adaptations that allow for movement
Eyespots: specialized cells that can detect light
o Phototaxis: the movement of an organism towards or away from light (a stimulus)
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN FUNGI
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Root-looking hyphae form under the surface.
o Grow by mitosis
Release enzymes to breakdown the food source so the fungi can absorb their nutrients.
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS
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Plants grow by mitotic cell division: cells specialize and group into tissues and organs
These tissues & organs have specific jobs
o Leaves= food (photosynthesis) and gas exchange
o Stem= structure and support
o Roots= absorb water, support plant
o Flower= reproduction
 Once developed, it can then reproduce & continue to grow.
Requires resources to survive: Sunlight, water, and CO2 for photosynthesis
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS
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Hormones that control growth are called auxins
Gravitotropism- stem grows , roots will grow downward
Phototropism- growing towards the light source
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMALS
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Animals grow by mitotic cell division
o Cells specialize into groups of tissues and organs.
o As the zygote continues to grow, development occurs and the cells begin to specialize
 Some specialized organs include stomach, brain, heart
Energy is needed for growth (ATP)
Animals are heterotrophs so the food energy comes from eating other organisms
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMALS
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Symmetry and body plans created during development are used to classify organisms in the 9 phyla of the
animal kingdom.