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Energy source for contraction • ATP • ADP + Creatine phosphate = ATP • ATP is constantly broken down and rebuilt • ATP = adenosine triphosphate • ADP= adenosine diphosphate • ATP produced by cellular respiration – occurs in the mitochondria (requires O2 and glucose) • 25% of energy formed is used • What happens to the rest? • Heat more muscle activity= more heat Oxygen Debt • Oxygen is used to make ATP in cellular Resp. • Exerciserun out of O₂ = Lactic acid Fermentation • Lactic Acid Fermentation – muscle cramps Muscle Fatigue • Muscle lose ability to contract after prolonged exercise or strain • Caused by lactic acid build up Threshold Stimulus • Minimal strength required to cause a contraction • Motor neuron releases enough acetylcholine to reach threshold All-or-None Response • Fibers do not contract partially, they either do or don't • Motor Unit • The muscle fiber + the motor neuron • Recruitment • more and more fibers contract as the intensity of the stimulus increases • Muscle Tone • Sustained contraction of individual fibers, even when muscle is at rest • Lost if motor nerve axons are cut • Hypertrophy - muscles enlarge (working out or certain disorders) • Atrophy - muscles become small and weak due to disuse 1 2 8 7 3 6 4 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Tendon Muscle Fasicle Muscle fiber Myofibril Endomysium Perimysium Epimysium 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Muscle Epimysium Fasicle Endomysium Sarcolemma Myfibirl perimysium Major Skeletal muscles • Names of muscles describe them • Ex: pectoralis major- large muscle in pectoral region • Ex: Deltoid- shaped like a delta or triangle Muscle of Facial Expression • • • • • • • • Enable communication of feelings Epicranius – frontalis and occipitalis Orbicularis oculi- around eye Orbicularis oris- around mouth Buccinator- cheek Zygomaticus major- zygomatic arch Zygomaticus minor- zygomatic arch Platysma- chest upward over neck to face, frown Muscle of Mastication Chewing movements • Masseter • Temporalis • Medial pterygoid • Lateral Pterygoid Move Head and Vertebral Column • Sternocleidomastoid • Splenius capitis • Semispinalis capitis Back • • • • • • • • • • • Trapezius Deltoid Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor Levator scapulae Teres Major Teres Minor Infraspinatus Supraspinatus Latissimus dorsi http://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/muscles/back/bac k.swf Front • • • • • • • • • • Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid Deltoid Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Serratus anterior Rectus abdominis Internal oblique External oblique http://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/muscles/tors o/torso.swf Arm • Subscapularis • Triceps brachii • Biceps Brachii • Brachialis • Coracobrachialis Top • Extensor carpi ulnaris • Extensor carpi radialis brevis • Extensor carpi radialis longus • Extensor digitorum • Flexor carpi ulanris http://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/muscles/arms/top_arm.swf Arm Bottom/Underneath • Biceps brachii • Brachioradialis • Brachialis • Pronator teres • Flexor carpi radialis • Flexor carpi ulnaris • Palmaris longus • http://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/muscles /arms/bottom_arm.swf Leg Muscles Front: • Sartorius • Rectus Femoris • Vastus lateralis • Vastus medialis • Gracilis • Tensor fasciae latae • Tibialis anterior • Fibularis longus • Extensor digitorum longus • http://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/muscles/legs/fron t_legs.swf Leg Muscles Back: • Gluteus maximus • Gluteus medius • Gracilis • Semimembranosus • Semitendinosus • Biceps femoris • Gastrocnemius • Soleus • http://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/muscles/legs /back_legs.swf
