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Transcript
I. ECOLOGY 1 ECOLOGY - definition • What is ecology? • Something to do with environment or with saving it. • Since when do we talk abut ecology? • Since 1960’s • In relation to environmental movement • What does the word ecology mean? • Ernest Heinrich Haeckel (1866): ecology: Oikos = household, home Logos = knowledge • The same rood word as economy: Ecology = Economics of nature 2 ECOLOGY - definition living system : environment : science • What is living system? • Open self-organizing thermodynamic system • System consists of elements that exchange energy and mater through semipermeable membranes with its environment • Function of living system is to perform matter-energy transformations • Elements of living system are interrelated with flow of energy and matter cycles • Out-puts from one component are inputs for another component: production-consumers structure • Part of the energy and matter flows is used for control • Physical structures that use energy and matter form their environment for growth and development and have hierarchical structure 3 1 ECOLOGY - definition living system : environment : science • What is environment? • Set of elements that are not part of living system but are inseparable from it • Set of conditions (biotic and abiotic) to which living system is exposed • Abiotic elements: elements of non living environment => source and sink of energy and matter, they put physical constraints to living system (climate, soil conditions) => very unpredictable dynamic systems • Biotic elements: living creatures in interactions with living system => different types of interactions: source of food, effects on elements of non living environment 4 ECOLOGY - definition living system : environment : science • What is science? • Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge" or "knowing") is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding of how the physical world works. It apples systematic approach to derive cognitions and knowledge about studied phenomena: • Two approaches: Analytical parts elements classification structure quantity Holistic wholeness processes relations patterns quality 5 ECOLOGY - definition • Ernest Heinrich Haeckel (Ekologija, 1869): ”The body of knowledge concerning the economy of nature – the investigation of the total relationship of the animal both to its organic environment; including, above all, its friendly and inimical relations with those animals and plants with which it comes directly or indirectly into contact – in a world ecology is the study of those complex interrelations referred to by Darwin as the conditions for struggle for existence. ” 6 2 ECOLOGY - definition • Permanent attempts toward deeper definition: “The study of structure and function of the nature.” (Odum 1971) “The scientific study of the relationship between organisms and their environment.” (McNaughton and Wolfe 1979) “ The study of organisms and their environment – and the interrelationships between the two.” (Putman and Wratten 1984) “The study of the patterns of nature and how those patterns came to be, and how they change in space and time” (Kingsland 1985) “The study of the relationships between organisms and their physical and biological environment” (Ehrlich abd Roughgarden 1987) 7 ECOLOGY - definition • Non of these definition is fully satisfactory: The original definition relays only to animal ecology. Too restrictive or too vague. They apply to population ecology and overlook ecosystem function. • Functional definition - the most suitable and applicable: “Ecology works at characterizing the patterns seen in nature, studying the complex interactions among organisms and their environment, and understanding the mechanisms involved in biological diversity.” 8 ECOLOGY - definition Since when we can speak about ecology? Greek scholar Theophrastus (300 bc): (associate of Aristotle) Johann Wolfgang von Goeth (1749 - 1832) :dynamic point of view on living beings : study of morphology (forms and structures of organisms) Carl von Linne (1707-1778): classification of living organisms based on their morphology Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): distinguished between life and machine: parts of machine support functioning of the machine, parts of living organisms support growth, development and reproduction, selforganization is introduced Charles Robert Darwin (1809 1882) Evolution theory based on natural selection principle Ernest Heinrich Haeckel (1834-1919) Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (1866): ECOLOGY 9 3 The development of ECOLOGY • Ecology has branched into many subdivisions: • According to the object of interest: • • • • • Plant ecology Animal ecology Population ecology Community ecology Ecosystem ecology • According to the object of application: • • • • • Ecological Modelling Ecological Economics Ecological Informatics Ecological engineering Ecosystem based management 10 Development of plant ecology Modern impetus to ecology came from plant geography: Why plants differ in various parts of the world and why some similarities exist between different parts of the globe? •1765-1812:Climate (similar climate – similar vegetation): Carl Ludwig Willdenow •1769-1859: relations between different vegetation types and environmental characteristics, the term assiciation was coined: Frideric Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt •1860-1938: Classificatin of vegatation according to the life forms of its plants: Christen Raunkiaer •1864-1941:Plants modify their environment by creating microenvironments: Jozef Paczoski •1874-1945:plant community is superorganism and it has a hierarchical structure: F.E.Clements •1897: plant successions: E.H. Cowles 11 Development of animal ecology •Beginners : R Hesse (1924) Animal ecology and C. Elton (1927) Ecological animal geography •Victor Shelford – stressed interrelationships between plants and animals: Ecology became science of communities • Development of general concept of the community: a complex community of interdependent organisms – biocenoses (1877) = “life having something in common”: Karl Mobius (1877) • Feeding relationships and energy budget, population dynamics and natural selection and evolution: Principles of Animal Ecology, group of ecologists from Uni. Chichago (1949) •Behaviorizem (Watson 1914, von Fisch 1915), Ethology ( Konrad Lorenz – genetically programmed behavior), behavioral ecology (how the behavior is influenced by natural selection. 12 4 Development of ecophysiology •Respons of individual organisms to temperature, moisture, light, nutrients and other factors of the environment. •Justus Libig (1840): Law of minimum •F.F. Blackman (1905): Law of maximum •V.E. Shelford (1911): Linked the physiology of an organism to its environment: => Law of tolerance 13 Development of population ecology •Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) with Thomas Malthus (1766-1834): the idea of “the survival of the fittest” as a mechanism of natural selection and evolution •Darwin’s theory combined with Mendel’s genetics (1822-1884) resulted in two central themes in ecology – evolution and adaptation •Hardy (1908) and Weinberg (1908) studied genetic equlibrium in populations – beginning of population genetics •Study of population growth, predation and interspecific competitions => population ecoloy (Lotka in Volterra, 1926). •Combination of population genetics and population ecology resulted in evolutionary ecology concerned with the interactions of population dynamics, genetics, natural selection and evolution (Ernest Mayer, 1904 - 2005). •Combination of population ecology and evolutionary ecology resulted in community ecology 14 Development of ecosystem ecology •F.E. Clements: plant community behaves as a complex organism that growths and develops through stages to a mature or climax stage. •A.G. Tansley (1871-1955): introduction of holistic combination of living organisms and their physical environment into a system called an ecosystem. •Holistic concept of ecosystem has introduced nutrient cycling and feeding levels (producers and consumers) (A. Thienemann and F.A. Forel 1841-1912), primary production and energy budgets (Edgar Transeau 1926) •Description of succession in term of energy flow through the lake ecosystem (Lindman (1942), beginning of ecosystem ecology •Application of general system theory and methods in ecology and introduction ecological modelling based on calculations performed with computer, SYSTEMS ECOLOGY was developed (Odum 1960’s). 15 5 Development of applied ecology => Ecological theories and models help to understand human impact on environment ⇒ Bases for ecosystem and natural resource management, preservation and restoration ⇒ Applied ecology 16 ECOLOGY ? NATURE PROTECTION " Obvladovanje narave je prazna beseda, spočeta v neznanju in porojena v kamenodobni biologiji in filozofiji, ko je človek še mislil, da je narava ustvarjena zato, da mu služi." 17 Rachel Carson - 1970 (Nema Pomlad) ECOLOGY Scientific Development •Ecological Modelling •Ecological Economics •Ecological Informatics •Ecological engineering •Ecosystem based management •Nature protection Conservation biology •Restoration ecology •Landscape ecology 18 6