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Topic: Greece Daily Opener: Put these teachers in Agenda: Daily Opener, History Club Reminders & shirts, Greek Notes order: Greek alphabet – memorize by next Tuesday, Mika –Lost Sea PowerPoint? (email it to me Socrates this week) Aristotle Annotated Bibliography Topics Due by Tomorrow (Tomorrow is the work day!) Plato Bring textbooks to class on Thursday. http://www.history.com/topics/ancienthistory/ancient-greece/videos/was-atlantislocated-in-ancientgreece?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1 &free=false Was Atlantis in Greece? Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea 5/100,000 – Greece US - http://www.history.com/topics/ancienthistory/ancientgreece/videos/deconstructing-history-theacropolis?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f =1&free=false • • • The arts in Classical Greece were designed to express the eternal ideas of reason, moderation, symmetry, balance, and harmony. In architecture, the most important form was the temple, and the classic example of this type of architecture is the Parthenon, built between 447 and 432 B.C. Located on the Acropolis in Athens, the Parthenon was dedicated to Athena, the patron goddess of the city, but it also served as a shining example of the power and wealth of the Athenian empire. Greece • 80 years • Male 77 years • Female 83 years Greece • .1% Greece = 20.1% Greece = Male 97% Greece = 20% Greece = 23,600 • https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/th e-world-factbook/geos/gr.html Greece = Parliamentary Republic Capital = Athens http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-greece/videos/thestory-of-medusa?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false Medusa What is the capital of Greece? • • • • The Greeks helped provide answers to these questions and created a system of logical, analytical thought to examine them. Ancient Greek civilizations began around 2,000 B.C. By the 8th c., the polis or city state had emerged. Greek civilization flourished and reached its height in the classical era of the 5th c. B.C. which had come to be closely identified with the achievements of Athenian democracy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmkVSasZIM • • • Greece occupied a small area, a mountainous peninsula, that encompassed only 45,000 square miles. (about the size of Louisiana) Mountains and seas played a huge role in their development Consists of small plains and river valleys surrounded by mountain ranges 8-10,000 feet high. – Why? How would this shape a civilization? Consequently, Greek communities tended to follow their own separate paths and develop their own ways of life. Became so attached to these separate, unique identities that they were willing to fight to keep them Led to bitter warfare that ultimately devastated Greek Society Earliest civilizations in the Aegean region emerged here Island of Crete influenced Greek civilization People of Crete had absorbed ideas from Egypt and Mesopotamia Minoans – early civilization in Crete, named after legendary King Minos 1600-1500 BC height of their civilization Success based on trade, not conquest Set up outposts throughout the Aegean world Lived in a vast palace at Knossos Rooms for royal family, banquet halls, working areas for artists, religious shrines Walls of Knossos covered with colorful frescoes – watercolor paintings done on wet plaster What could a fresco tell us? Numerous things about Minoan civilization Dolphins - importance of water Religious images Women and men strolling about (?) By about 1400, Minoan civilization had vanished Not sure why Volcanic eruption? Earthquake? Invaders? First Greek speaking people of whom we have written record Conquered Greek mainland and Crete Civilization flourished between 1600-1100 BC. Sea traders Learned from Minoans – writing Lived in separate city states on the mainland Warrior-king Trojan War 1250 BC Probably occurred over economic issues Btwn Mycenaeans and Trojans (Troy – city in Turkey) Fight over who would control a narrow water passage connecting the Mediterranean and Black Seas Romantic cause? Paris, Trojan Prince, kidnaps the world’s most beautiful woman –Helen, who is married to a Greek King The Greeks sail to Troy and burn it to the ground Truth or Fiction? Wealthy German businessman Set out and proved there was a fire in Troy around 1250 BC Dorians and other sea traders attacked Mycenae not long after 1250 BC. Mycenaean power faded and declined. Homer – 750 BC, blind poet, wandered from village to village, singing stories Passed on orally for generations Iliad – chief source of info about Trojan War Odyssey – Greek hero Odysseus Both stories tell a lot about values of ancient Greeks, portrays honor, courage, eloquence http://www.history.com/topics/ancienthistory/ancient-greece/videos/odysseusship?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&f ree=false Greek city-states were often at odds with one another. Persia Controlled Greek city-states of Ionia in Asia Minor They rebelled against Persia in 499 BC. Athens sent ships to help the rebels. http://www.ancient.eu/ionia/ Crushed the rebellion Darius I was furious at role Athens played in the uprising and sent a huge force across Aegean to punish them. A Persian army landed near Marathon, a plain north of Athens, in 490 BC Athenians asked for help from neighboring Greek city-states, but received little support The outnumbered Athenian forces charged at the Persians “a mere handful of men coming out at a run without either horsemen or archers” Overwhelmed by the fury of the assault, the Persians retreated. Who was the Trojan War between? Darius dies and his son, Xerxes (Zurk seez) takes over. In 480 BC, Xerxes sends a much larger force to take over Greece. They land in northern Greece to a waiting Spartan force. By this time, Athens had convinced Sparta and other Greek city-states to ban together in fighting off the Persians. The large Persian force blew past the Spartans who were guarding the mountain pass at Thermopylae. The Persians burnt Athens to the ground, but the Athenians had already fled. Narrow strait Greeks lured the Persian navy here and then used batter rams underwater to tear their fleet apart. Xerxes watched from the shore helpless as his fleet was destroyed. The next year, Greeks defeated Persians on land in Asia Minor. Victory marked the end of the Persian invasions and a heightened sense of the Greek’s own uniqueness. Athens emerged as the most powerful citystate in Greece. Athens created an alliance system between Greek city-states to continue to protect Greece from invaders. Dominated Athenian league Moved the money from Delos to Athens Began to use the money to rebuild Athens When the allies protested, they used force to shut them up Encouraged political freedom at home 460-429 BC Golden age for Athens Pericles (PEHR uh kleez) – intelligent, able statesman Economy thrived Government became more democratic Athens focused on democracy at home while severing its ties with Sparta and expanding its new empire aborad. Direct democracy – citizens take part directly in day to day affairs of government Athenian assembly met several times a month A council of 500 conducted daily government business Pericles believed that all citizens regardless of wealth or social class should take part in government. Stipend – paid set salary to members of the assembly Jury – 12 members, over 30 Ostracism – banned, usually 10 years Rebuilding Acropolis With the help of Aspasia (as PAY shuh), Pericles turned Athens into the cultural center of Greece • • Under the leadership of Athens, the Delian League pursued the attack against the Persian Empire. Virtually all of the Greek citystates in the Aegean were liberated from Persian control by 469 BC. Once the Persian threat was over, some states withdrew from the league. – Naxos did in 470 – Thasos in 465 The Athenians responded vigorously. They: Attacked both states Destroyed their walls Took over their fleets Eliminated their liberty Forced them to pay tribute ‘No secession’ became Athenian policy. The Delian League was rapidly becoming an instrument of Athenian imperialism and the nucleus of an Athenian empire. Sparta http://www.history.co m/topics/ancienthistory/sparta/videos/d econstructing-historyspartans Athens http://www.history.co m/topics/ancienthistory/ancient-greecedemocracy Possession of foreign territories or colonies for the benefit of the home country • • • Pursuit of democracy at home was coupled with increasing imperialism abroad Athenian policies had the effect of converting the voluntary allies of the Delian League into the involuntary subjects of an Athenian naval empire. Athens sought to create a land empire and caused the First Peloponnesian War with Sparta and its allies (460-445). After a series of defeats, Athens and Sparta worked out a 30 years peace. (it did not last thirty years) Athens gave up most of its land empire and in return Sparta recognized the existence of Athens’ maritime empire. In the decades that followed the defeat of the Persians, the Greek world divided into two sides: Sparta and its Peloponnesian League Athenian maritime empire In his classic History of the Peloponnesian War, the great historian Thucydides pointed out that the fundamental, long-range cause of the war was the fear that Athens and its empire inspired in Sparta. Sparta was worried that Athens would use its naval power to weaken Sparta’s control of the Peloponnesian League. The immediate cause of war occurred when two of Sparta’s allies – Corinth and Megara – had a conflict with Athens. Corinth and Megara threatened to leave the Peloponnesian League if Sparta didn’t back them up. Pericles convinced Athens that if they backed down, then Sparta would be seen as the leading city-state. Thus the Great Peloponnesian War began. • • Both sides thought they had winning strategies Sparta – Invaded Attica and ravaged the fields and orchards hoping that the Athenians would send out their army to fight beyond the walls • Athens – Based on the navy – People would be brought in behind the protective walls while the overseas empire and navy would keep them supplied In the second year of the war, a plague killed 1/3rd of the Athenian population inside walls. Pericles died But the Athenians fought on • • • After more fighting and leading generals dying, Nicias, a new Athenian leader, negotiated the Peace of Nicias. (421 BC) This peace was supposed to last 50 years but it only lasted about 6 years. Pericles nephew, Alcibiades was elected as general but he he was reckless and self-seeking. He later was removed from leadership for disrespecting religious items. Bitter about his demotion, he fled to the Spartan side and helped the Spartans strategize to what would eventually be the defeat of the Athenian empire in 405. http://www.history.com/topics/ancienthistory/ancient-greece/videos/thepeloponnesianwar?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&f ree=false Weakening Sparta set up oligarchies across the citystates (did not work out well, one example – In Athens the ‘thirty tyrants’ murdered over 1500 of their opponents) (484-425) Author of The Persian Wars Commonly regarded as the first real history in western civilization Focuses on the conflicts between the Greeks and Persians Been called bias Is a Greek word that literally means ‘love of wisdom’ ‘the unexamined life is not worth living’ Is a Greek word that literally means ‘love of wisdom’ ‘the unexamined life is not worth living’ Socrates Plato Aristotle 469-399 BC Stone mason No written work left behind Socratic method – employs a question and answer technique to lead pupils to see things for themselves using their own reason Socrates often questioned authority and this got him into trouble. Accused and convicted of corrupting the youth in Athens and was sentenced to death. http://www.biography.com/people/socrates9488126 Socrates mot famous student Wrote a great deal Focused on the essence of reality The Republic based on his experience in Athens, Plato distrusted democracy ideal state would have three groups ▪ Top – Philosopher-kings, upper class, ruling elite ▪ Middle – Warriors who protected society ▪ Bottom – masses – people driven by material things Trained under Plato at Plato’s school the Academy for 20 years Aristotle’s most famous student - Alexander the Great Politics - Aristotle examined the constitutions of 158 states and arrived at general categories for organizing governments He identified three good forms – monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional government (favored this one) Religion was intricately connected to every aspect of daily life- social and practical Major gods Zeus – chief god Athena – goddess of wisdom and crafts Apollo – god of the sun and poetry Aphrodite – goddess of love Poseidon – brother of Zeus, seas, earthquakes http://www.history.com/topics/ancienthistory/greek-mythology/videos/greek-gods