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Download Unit B: Cells and Systems - St. John Paul II Collegiate
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Unit B: Cells and Systems - STS and Knowledge 1. Investigate living things; and identify and apply scientific ideas used to interpret their general structure, function and organization SF pp. 98 Investigate and describe example scientific studies of the characteristics of living things (e.g., investigate and describe an on-going scientific study of a locally-found organism) Characteristics of Living Organisms Living organisms need energy, they get it from food Living organisms respond and adapt to their environment Living organisms reproduce so life can continue Living organisms grow Living organisms produce waste like carbon dioxide SF pp. 99, 100-101, pp 141-144 Apply the concept of system in describing familiar organisms and analyzing their general structure and function Levels of organization: Cells Tissues Organs Systems The cell is the smallest, or basic, unit of every system. A cell is the smallest thing scientists consider to be alive. Cells with the same structure and function are grouped into tissues. 4 main types found in animals (p. 141 Muscle tissue: move the parts of the body Nerve tissue: carries signals between the brain and other body parts to co-ordinate activities. Epithelial tissues: protects the outside of the body and covers the internal structures, such as intestines Connective tissue: connects and supports different parts of the body, Maybe solid like bone or fluid like blood. 3 Main types found in plants (p. 141) Epidermal tissue: (skin) protects the outside of the plant. Xylem tissue: vessels transport water absorbed by the roots, throughout the plant. Phloem tissue: vessels transport the glucose to other parts of the cell. Organs: distinct structures in your body that perform particular functions. E.g. Brain, eyes, kidneys etc. Systems: Organs form systems that help plants and animals function as a whole. E.g. Roots and shoot system in plants. Groups made of different tissues form organs. Organs working together form systems. -1- SF p. 99 SIA pp. 90 Illustrate and explain how different organisms have similar functions that are met in a variety of ways (e.g., recognize food gathering as a common function of animals, and note a variety of food gathering structures Examples: - plants gather food through roots and by bending; animals move around - movement in the environment: birds have wings, whales have flippers - food gathering structures: barnacles have tentacles, birds have bills - breathing structures: gills vs lungs 2. Investigate and describe the role of cells within living things SF p. 104 Describe the role of cells as a basic unit of life Cell: the basic unit of every system. It separates all forms of life from non-living things. All living things are made up of cells. Cells can be very specialized to suit a system in the body. SF pp. 115, pp 138-140 Analyze similarities and differences between single-celled and multi-celled organisms (e.g., compare, in general terms, an amoeba and a grizzly bear, a single-celled alga and a poplar tree) Multi-cellular: organisms made up of more than one cell or a system of cells Unicellular: single celled organisms Cells need to be specialized to meet different needs just like band needs to have different instruments to play a variety of songs. Cells in multicellular organisms are said to be specialized for different jobs. The Advantages of being multicellular -Unicellular organisms have to be able to move, eat, reproduce and respond to environments. Because they depend on cell membranes the can only live in watery, food rich environments. Multicellular can live in a wide variety of environments; by specializing they can be much more efficient. -2- SF pp 121123, pp 104-114 SIA pp 103, 108-109 Distinguish between plant and animal cells (e.g. distinguish between cell walls and cell membranes) Magnifying: making something appear larger Early Microscopes Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented one of the first microscopes using different glass lenses. He was able to magnify up to 300 times the size of an object. Robert Hooke was also experimenting by looking at pieces of cork under magnification. He described what he saw as cellulae “little rooms” giving us the Present-day word “cell” Cells are the building block of life; All living things are made up of cells. Types of Microscopes Light Microscope: 2 000x magnification Electron Microscope: 2 000 000x magnification (must be in a vacuum therefore dead cells only) *Know Parts of a Microscope Pg. 107 of book SF pp 121123 Structures inside the cell are known as organelles Cytoplasm: jelly-like material in which other parts of the cell float Cell membrane: surrounds the cell and protects the cells contents Cell wall: thick covering outside the cell membrane. Nucleus: controls most of the cells activities Vacuole: liquid filled part for storage; smaller and fewer in animal cells Chloroplast: contains the green pigment chlorophyll. Plant Cells -3- Animal Cell: *The functions carried out by the human body are the same functions that are carried out by each individual cell. SF pp 128137 SIA pp 115116, 119 Describe the movement of gases and liquids into and out of cells during diffusion and osmosis, based on concentration differences Cell Membrane: Is like a border crossing. The Membrane is selectively permeable meaning that it lets some things across but not others. Permeable: lets everything through Impermeable: lets nothing through Diffusion: the random movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration. The particle model (from Unit A) helps us understand diffusion! Diffusion in cells: cells burn oxygen and make carbon dioxide so there is a high concentration of CO2 inside a cell (wanting to diffuse out) and a low concentration of oxygen (therefore oxygen wants to diffuse in). Diffusion in many cases allows for a movement of particles through a membrane without a cost of energy from the cell. *About 70% of a cell’s content is water. Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from a high concentration to a low concentration. Fluid Movement in Plants All the water in a plant is connected from cell to cell, water taken in by roots pushes water up (through osmosis) and water evaporating off of leaves pulls water (also through osmosis). Vascular tissues (2 types)- like blood vessels for a plant! Phloem tissue: transports sugars manufactured in the leaves to the rest of the plants Xylem tissue: conducts water and minerals absorbed by the roots cells to every cell in the plant. -4- Root hairs: Tiny hair-like roots that serve to increase the surface area in which osmosis can take place. From the root hairs water is absorbed into the xylem tissue, to the stems, then to the leaves. Once into the leaves it is used by the chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Stoma: (stomata) are openings in the bottom of leaves that let air in and out. Controlled by the guard cells. Transpiration: Loss of water from a plant through evaporation from the leaves and stem. SF pp. 140142 Examine plant and animal structures; and identify contributing roles of cells, tissues and organs Example: Digestive System 1. Many up of many organs such as the intestines and the stomach 2. In the stomach, muscle tissue moves to mix stomach contents. Epithelial tissue lines the stomach. Connective tissue helps hold the shape. Nerve tissue coordinates the activities of the stomach. 3. The connective tissue is made up of loose, fibrous sheets that connect and support the body. 3. Interpret the healthy function of human body systems, and illustrate ways the body reacts to internal and external stimuli SF pp. 146147 SIA pp. 9397 Describe, in general terms, body systems for respiration, circulation, digestion, excretion and sensory awareness(e.g., describe how blood is circulated throughout the body to carry oxygen and nutrients to the body’s various tissues and organs Digestive System: used to take in food and break it down into usable energy then pass the waste out of the body. Respiratory system: used to take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide in the lungs. Circulatory System: transports food and oxygen to different parts of the body and carries waste products out of the body SF pp 148152, 158 Describe, in general terms, the role of individual organs and tissues in supporting the healthy functioning of the human body (e.g., the role of the lungs in exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide, the role of bronchia in providing a passageway for air Respiratory Circulatory AIR PATHWAY Bronchus tube bronchioles alveoli capillaries - The respiratory system brings moves the air in and out of the lungs and the circulatory system picks up oxygen from the lungs while dropping off carbon dioxide. - The circulatory system carries the oxygen to the parts of the body that need it via diffusion. -5- Digestive Circulatory FOOD PATHWAY Mouth Stomach Small Intestine bloodstream via villi Villi: (Villus, plural) each villi contains a network of capillaries which absorb the digested food into the blood stream, much the same way as the alveoli. Food provides Nutrients in the form of Carbohydrates, Fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water that provide Energy and materials used for Growth, Development, and Repair. SF pp 154155 Describe ways in which various types of cells contribute to the healthy functioning of the human body (e.g., describe the roles of individual cells in nerves, muscle, blood, skin and bone) Circulatory System Cells Red Blood Cells: contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen. White Blood Cells: defend the body against sickness/disease and help blood clot Hemoglobin: iron rich chemical found in blood that attracts oxygen. This helps the blood carry more oxygen than it otherwise would. Plasma: liquid portion of the blood. It carries food, waste, hormones and blood cells. Platelets: prevent blood loss Blood Vessel: part of a complex network of tubes/passageways that serve to bring things from the external environment to the internal environment. Veins pump blood to the heart Arteries pump blood away from the heart SF pp 151 Describe changes in body functions in response to changing conditions (e.g., changes in heart rate in response to exercise, change in metabolism in response to lower temperature, reflex responses to stimuli) Sensory Awareness System 1. Temperature: A stable internal environment in your body is desired! Cold: shivering makes muscles quiver and generates heat. Hair stands on end because of small muscle contractions. Heat: blood vessels in your skin expand to increase blood flow to the surface and release heat – it’s why you get a red face when you run! 2. Exercise Increases heart rate, and thus blood flow. Blood is diverted away from the digestive system and towards muscles so they can obtain oxygen. 3. Panic Feeling ‘afraid’ is a reaction based on your endocrine system and your nervous system. - heart rate increases - blood is diverted to needed muscles (ex: to escape, you need your leg muscles!) - your mouth becomes dry 4. Reflexes Your nervous system (brain, spinal cord and nerves) send signals to your body parts in response to stimuli. Example: the doctor hits your knee with his small hammer – what happens? -6- 4. Describe areas of scientific investigation leading to new knowledge about body systems and to new medical applications SF pp. 157, 159, 160 Identify examples of research into functions and dysfunctions of human cells, organs or body systems Investigate and describe factors that affect the healthy function of the human respiratory, circulatory and digestive systems (e.g., investigate the effect of illness, aging or air quality on the function of the respiratory system) Causes of Digestive System disorders -Low fiber over a prolonged time (skipping meals or eating high sugars) can be a cause of colon cancer -Long term stress, smoking or excessive use of aspirin and alcohol can lead to ulcers. Disorders of the Respiratory System Cilia: small hair-like projections that remove airborne particles in the lungs Poison in cigarettes and pollution irritates the lining of the respiratory system causing extra mucus to be produced, which is removed by coughing. Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial tubes, if prolonged over time can cause emphysema. Lung Cancer: caused by Tar in smoke, which makes certain cells grow out of control Common Problems with Circulatory System -Hypertension (high blood pressure) -Strokes -Heart attacks SIA pp 154158 Describe ways in which research about cells, organs and systems has brought about improvements in human health and nutrition (e.g., development of medicines; immunization procedures, diets based on the needs of organs, such as the heart) Vaccines Louis Pasteur identified ‘germs’ as living cells. - the cause of many diseases, like smallpox - vaccines are inactive versions of the germs that cause the disease - the body learns how to fight off a disease when a small amount of germ cells are introduced Nutritional Research - early explorers developed scurvy, which is a disease characterized by bleeding gums, loose teeth, unsteady gait and sores that would not heal - a lack of vitamin C in the diet was determined to be the cause - food affects the functioning of many organs o fat turn into cholesterol, which can build up in the walls of arteries o bacteria in food can cause the mucus layer in your stomach to break down – this leads to ulcers -7-