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Objectives: 1. To learn the different stages, types and classes of parasites 2. To learn the host(s) of each, their life cycle, damage and symptoms 3. To learn control methods and common chemicals used for prevention Parasites and Economics • Parasites cause many economic losses • Slow animals growth, lower feed conversion, decrease production and may cause death • Early treatments decrease economic losses 2 Terminology 1. parasite— organism living in or at the expense of another living organism 2. host— animal which serves as residence for parasite 3. larvae— first immature stage emerging from the egg 4. pupae— stage following the larval stage 5. nymph— any immature stage of a parasite (larvae or pupae) 6. adult— last stage, lay eggs and reproduce 3 Types of Parasites Four types of parasitic organisms: 1. 2. 3. 4. Fungi Protozoa Helminths – worms Arthropods – ticks and insects 4 Classes of Parasites 1. External— live outside digestive, circulatory, reproductive and internal organs as adults 2. Internal— live within digestive, circulatory, reproductive and internal organs as adults 5 Control Methods Since there are only two classes, there are only two ways to control them: 1. Externally— includes spraying, dusting, dipping, pour-ons, injections, sanitation and pasture rotation 2. Internally— putting chemicals into the body (worming) 6 Worming Methods 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Water Feed Paste Drenching with a drench gun Tubing with plastic tube and drench gun 6. Bolus using a plastic balling gun 7. Injection 7 External Parasites: Ticks • Two families of ticks are Argasidae and Ixodidae • Three most important ticks: 1. Lone Star Tick – three host tick (argasidae) 2. Gulf Coast Tick – three host tick (argasidae) 3. Spinose Ear Tick – one host tick – (ixodidae) • Host - all livestock 8 External Parasites: Ticks • Life Cycle – adult lays eggs hatching in 10-21 days – eggs hatch, find host, attach and feed on blood – stay attached until adult hood, then detach and lay eggs – life cycle ranges from a few days to several months 9 External Parasites: Ticks • Damage – anemia – weight loss – death • Symptoms – unthrifty – rubbing on objects – unnatural head and ear carriage • Control – pasture rotation – cold winters – chemicals 10 External Parasites: Lice • Host – all species Life Cycle – adults lay and glue eggs to hair follicles – eggs hatch in 1-2 weeks and become adults in 2-4 weeks – live entire life on host, feeding on skin and blood 11 External Parasites: Lice • Damage – – – – irritation, rubbing and scratching anemia unthrifty weight loss • Symptoms – rough hair coat – rubbing – scratching • Control – chemical control with sprays, dips, dust, pour-ons and injections 12 External Parasites: Mites • Includes many species causing skin problems such as scabies, scabs, mange or barn itch • Host – all species • Life Cycle – adults lay eggs on skin of animal – eggs hatch in 4 days – feed on skin and reach adult stage in about 12 days – spend entire life cycle on host 13 External Parasites: Mites • Damage – hair falls out – skin becomes rough and crusty • Symptoms – spots of rough, crusty skin with no hair – scratching and itching • Control – chemicals are used – some are serious and USDA will quarantine animal 14 External Parasites: Screwworm • Larval stage is a flesh eating worm • Adult stage is a fly • Unless controlled, larval stage will kill host • Host – all species 15 External Parasites: Screwworm • Life Cycle – adult fly lays eggs at sight of a wound – eggs hatch in 12-24 hours into maggots feeding on flesh – complete growth in five to seven days – drop to ground and then burrow into soil – pupal stage lasts for a few weeks – emerge as flies 16 External Parasites: Screwworm • Damage – sores – weight loss – permanent injury and death • Symptoms – unpleasant odor – large wounds – seepage of blood serum from wound 17 External Parasites: Screwworm • Control – chemical control – contact Southwest Animal Research Foundation – eradication program in progress • sterile male flies are produced and released • female only mates once and lays unfertilized eggs • There have only been a few cases in the past 1520 years 18 External Parasites: Heel Fly or Cattle Grub • Host – cattle • Life Cycle – adult fly lays eggs on hair of rear legs (lower part) each spring – eggs hatch and larvae enter host’s body through hair follicles – larvae migrate from back legs, to stomach area, to shoulder, to middle back (many larvae die along the way) – larvae become grubs and cut a breathing hole in skin – at maturity, they “pop” out of hole and fall to the ground, burrowing into soil 19 – emerge as a flies with no mouth in 2 months External Parasites: Heel Fly or Cattle Grub • Damage – holes in hide – cattle run from flies which causes injury and weight loss – damage to meat • Symptoms – bumps on back – cattle running in spring for no apparent reason – presence of flies • Control – systemic insecticide before larvae reach back 20 External Parasites: Horn Fly • Host – all species • Life Cycle – adults lay eggs in manure or dead decaying matter – eggs hatch into larvae in 24 hours – larvae mature into pupal stage in 5-10 days – flies emerge from pupae in 3-7 days – reach maturity in just a few days 21 External Parasites: Horn Fly • Damage – flies bite and suck blood – animals become annoyed, results in weight loss – flies transmit diseases • Symptoms – flies can be seen • Control – – – – chemical feed additives ear tags sanitation 22 Internal Parasites: Stomach Worm • • Host – all animals Life Cycle – – – adults live as blood sucking parasite attached to the stomach wall eggs pass out with feces and hatch in 1520 days larvae are eaten and travel to the stomach where they mature into adults 23 Internal Parasites: Stomach Worm • Damage – holes in stomach lining – poor digestion • Symptoms – anemia (paleness of gums and whites of eyes) – weight loss – dull hair coat – unthrifty • Control – sanitation – pasture rotation – chemical wormer 24 Internal Parasites: Strongyles • Effect mainly young animals • Animals build an immunity as they grow older • Also called blood worms • Host – all species 25 Internal Parasites: Strongyles • Life Cycle – adult lives as blood sucking parasite in small intestine – eggs are laid and pass out in feces – hatch into larvae in 5-20 days – larvae are eaten and travel to small intestine – larvae burrow holes into arteries and internal organs causing much damage 26 Internal Parasites: Strongyles • Damage – most detrimental – reduced digestion – blocking of arteries − organ damage − colic in horses • Symptoms – – – – anemia weight loss rough hair coats scouring • Control – sanitation – pasture rotation – chemical wormer 27 Internal Parasites: Ascarids • Largest of the round worms • Host – cattle, sheep, hogs, horses • Life Cycle – adults live in small intestine, lay eggs which pass out with feces – eggs are eaten, travel to small intestine, hatch into larvae and burrow holes through the intestinal wall – larvae migrate through liver, heart and into lungs – host coughs up larvae and swallows, returning larvae to small intestine to attach – adults may grow 8-15” in length 28 Internal Parasites: Ascarids • Damage – to lungs and liver, causing disease and anemia • Symptoms – – – – dull hair coat colic weight loss unthrifty • Control – sanitation – pasture rotation – chemical wormers 29 Internal Parasites: Lungworms • Host – all species • Life Cycle – adults live in lungs and lay eggs – eggs are coughed up, swallowed, hatch and pass with feces – larvae are eaten and passed into small intestine – larvae burrow holes through intestinal wall and go to lungs where they mature 30 Internal Parasites: Lungworms • Damage to lungs, trachea and bronchial tubes • Symptoms – coughing and forceful breathing – fever, stops eating and becomes gaunt • Control – sanitation – pasture rotation – chemical wormers 31 Internal Parasites: Broad Tapeworms • Host – all species are a major host – mites are intermediate host • Life Cycle – adults live in small intestine and feed on food, not host – may grow to lengths of 10-12 feet – segments containing eggs break off and are passed with feces – eggs are eaten by mites and develop until eaten by a major host 32 – eggs hatch in small intestine and mature Internal Parasites: Broad Tapeworm • Damage – no physical damage – compete for food • Symptoms – weight loss – diarrhea – unthrifty • Control – chemical control – must be edible to tapeworm 33 Internal Parasites: Liver Flukes • Host – cattle, sheep, goats and humans • Life Cycle – adults live in bile ducts and begin egg production approximately 3 months after entering host – eggs pass out through feces and must land in water to hatch – larva must attach to a snail to complete life cycle – larva then encyst on water plants eaten by livestock – young flukes pass to small intestine, where they burrow holes throughout the abdominal cavity and enter the liver to live on blood 34 Internal Parasites: Liver Flukes • Damage – fibrosis of liver – thickening of bile duct • Symptoms – anemia – weight loss – death • Control – pasture rotation – no wet areas – use water troughs and chemical wormers – snail population control 35 Summary Parasites can cause numerous health problems for livestock and humans. There are various chemical and natural ways to prevent parasite infections. Necessary precautions are imperative in order to prevent infection. 36