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Greetings, Your team has been selected by Cheapo toy incorporated LLC. You have been hired to provide research and development in our latest endeavor. Cheapo toy has recently acquired a contract with the school board to create and prepare demonstration models for novice teachers. The assignment is to create a working scientific model of Earth’s layers. This model must demonstrate the following learning targets: Identify and describe the layers of the Earth, including Crust, lithosphere, hot convecting mantle, the outer liquid core, and high-pressure inner solid core Identify the layer of the Earth that has convection currents resulting in plate tectonics Differentiate the density differences between the layers of the Earth Expectations 1. 2. 3. Closely read over the background information on Earth’s layers. Use what you have learned to design your model with only the cheap materials provided. Provide detailed step-by-step instructions with diagrams and appropriate science content references. **** Remember we’re cheap and you only get one try. You need to plan before you build. Materials: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Water bottle – (Volume 500 ml) Water with red food coloring – (Density 1g/cc - grams per cubic centimeter) Styrofoam – (Density .906 g/cc) Vegetable oil – (Density 0.945 g/cc) Sand – (Density Dry 1.92g/cc, wet 2.08 g/cc) Alka-Seltzer Your report and instructions will be written on the provided form on the back of this communication Sincerely, Morgan Freeman Team Members: _____________________________________________________________ Period ____ Cartesian Diver Report Instructions Give specific instructions for the novice teachers. Seeand rubric on instructions for the report. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Diagrams: Background Information Scientists know that the Earth is comprised of four main layers. The four main layers are the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. These layers differ significantly in thickness, composition, temperature, pressure and density. Overall; as depth increases temperature, pressure, and density also increases. Composition and thickness, however, vary throughout. Thickness/Radius and Composition: The total radius of the Earth’s thickness is approximately 6,370 km and each layer has its own characteristics. Crust: this layer is solid and comprises the continents and ocean basins. It has a variable thickness, anywhere from 35-70km thick in the continents and 5-10km in the ocean basins. The oceanic crust is made up of mostly a dark, fine-grained rock called basalt. The continental crust is almost entirely composed of a light colored rock with coarse grains known as granite. Mantle: this layer is made of rock that is very hot, but solid. Overall, the mantle’s thickness is nearly 3000 km and makes up almost half the Earth’s interior radius. Scientists divide the mantle into layers based on the physical characteristics of those layers. The uppermost part of the mantle is brittle rock. Geologists group the crust and the upper part of the mantle together as the lithosphere. The lithosphere is often described as Earth’s plates and the location of plate tectonics. The layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, the material is hotter and under more pressure than the layer above it. This layer is also less rigid than the lithosphere. The lowest layer of the mantle is the mesosphere. Outer core: this layer is made of molten metal. Despite tremendous pressure, the outer core is liquid. The outer core is approximately 2,250 km and is comprised of mostly the metals iron and nickel. Inner core: the inner core is a dense ball of solid metal with a radius of 1,200 km. Although, the inner core is intensely hot, there is such incredible pressure that the molecules of iron and nickel within it cannot spread out into a liquid. **** The molten metal liquid outer core moving around the solid metal inner core creates Earth’s magnetosphere that protects Earth from much of the Sun’s harmful radiation.**** Density – is a measure how much mass or material in a given volume of an object. Density can also be described as how tightly packed the matter is in an object. An object with a lower density (lower number) will float on an object with a higher density (higher number). Convection Currents – this movement of thermal energy is caused by material being heated, expanding, becoming less dense and as a result, rises up where the material then cools off, compresses, becoming denser and sinks. This process is repeated over and over creating a cycle or current. Convection currents take place in Earth’s mantle layer and contribute to plate tectonics; the movement of the lithosphere’s plates. Alka-Seltzer tablet – when an Alka-Seltzer tablet comes in contact with water it reacts creating carbon dioxide bubbles that are less than dense than water and rise. Name: ____________________________________________Date: __________ Period: ______ Background Information reading check Create a data table of the layers in increasing density (from top to bottom) Layer Density Thickness Material to be used What is the total radius of the Earth? _____________________________ What is the term used to describe how tightly packed the matter is an object? _____________ As you go deeper into the Earth’s interior what happens to the pressure, temperature and density? _________ With what material will Alka-Seltzer react? _________________________ Which layer of the Earth is the thinnest? ___________________________ What happens to an objects density when it heats up and expands? _________________ Which layer of the Earth is referred to as the “plates”? _____________________________ Which layer of the Earth do convection currents take place? ________________________ Which layer of the Earth is liquid? ________________________ Which substance from the reading could simulate convection currents without using heat? ______________________________________________________________________________