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AP Themes and Key Concepts
What you need to know for the quiz:
• What SPICE stands for
– Examples of each
• What are the first four historical thinking skills?
– Examples of each
• What are the six periods in APWH?
– Know them by date
• AP World Regions
– Very basic, which major countries are in which region
5 AP Themes
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SPICE
S – Social
P – Political
I – Interactions with the environment
C – Culture
E – Economics
Spice – Social – Development and
Transformation of Social Structures
Spice – Social – Development and
Transformation of Social Structures
• Relations among humans
• Grouping members of a society (stratification)
– Kinship, race, gender, wealth
• Different from “Culture”
– Social is how we deal with each other
– Culture is how we deal with our world
sPice – Political - State Building,
Expansion, and Conflict
sPice – Political - State Building,
Expansion, and Conflict
• Different forms of government
– Kingdoms, empires, nation-states
• How different kinds of societies need different
forms of government
• Warfare and conflict
spIce – Interactions – Interactions between
Humans and the Environment
spIce – Interactions – Interactions between
Humans and the Environment
• How the environment changed humans
– Races, diets, lifespans, migrations
• How humans changed the environment
– Irrigation, farming, land development
– Biggest during Industrial Revolution (1700s)
spiCe - Culture - Development and
Interaction of Cultures
spiCe - Culture - Development and
Interaction of Cultures
• Spreading of beliefs, actions, and knowledge
between and within societies
– Religions, technology, stratification
• Diffusion – spread of culture from one society
to another
spicE – Economics - Creation, Expansion,
and Interaction of Economic Systems
spicE – Economics - Creation, Expansion,
and Interaction of Economic Systems
• Major transitions in trade
– From bartering to regional trade to long-distance
trade
• Economic systems
– Agricultural, pastoral, industrial
• Labor systems
– Forced labor, farmers, capitalism, socialism
Historical Thinking Skills!
• 1. Historical Causation*
• 2. Patterns of Continuity and Change over
Time*
• 3. Periodization*
• 4. Comparison*
* One of the four types of Long Essays on the Exam
Skill 1: Historical Causation
• Show the relationships among causes and
effects
– Causation (made it happen) and correlation
(happened as well, but didn’t necessarily cause it)
• Proficient students should be able to …
• Compare causes and/or effects, including
between short-term and long-term effects.
• Analyze and evaluate the interaction of
multiple causes and/or effects.
Skill 1: Historical Causation
Sample Questions
• Analyze two effects of the French Revolution
on its colonial holdings.
• List and explain three causes for European
exploration between the years 1450 and 1750.
• For the period 1500-1750, explain ONE
factor behind population changes in Chart
1.
Skill 2: Continuity and Change over
Time – Sample Questions
• Continuity – what continued
– Patriarchy, caste system, trade w/ outsiders
• Change over time – what changed
– Technology, religions, war
• Proficient students should be able to …
• Analyze and evaluate historical patterns of
continuity and change over time.
Skill 2: Continuity and Change over
Time – Sample Questions
• Using specific examples, analyze
continuities and changes in the
relationship between legal systems and
social hierarchies in the period circa 2000
BCE to circa 1000 CE.
• Using specific examples, analyze
continuities and changes in the social
status of women in China in the period
circa 100 CE to circa 1000 CE.
Skill 3: Periodization
• Periodization – break up into periods or “time chunks”
– Evaluate them
• Turning points
• Different periods mean different things for different people
– 2016 in America
– 4714 in China
– 1437 in Islamic World
• Different periods regarding themes
– SPICE
• Proficient students should be able to …
• Explain ways that historical events and processes can be organized
within blocks of time.
• Analyze and evaluate competing models of periodization of world
history.
Skill 3: Periodization – Sample
Questions
• Evaluate the extent to which the
emergence of Buddhism in the fifth
century BCE can be considered a turning
point in world history.
• Some historians have argued that
American history courses should begin
coverage following Europeans’ discovery
of the New World. Evaluate this argument.
Six Units
1. Foundations
2. Classical
1. Post-Classical
1. Pre-Modern
2. Modern
1. Contemporary
Skill 4: Comparison
• Compare developments in one society or
compare them among one or more society
• Compare perspectives on the same development
– How did Christians view the Crusades? How did
Muslims?
• Proficient students should be able to …
• Compare related historical developments and
processes across place, time, and/or different
societies, or within one society.
• Explain and evaluate multiple and differing
perspectives on a given historical phenomenon.
Skill 4: Comparison – Sample
Questions
• Analyze at least one similarity and one
difference in the causes of the French
Revolution and the Haitian Revolution.
• Analyze at least one similarity and one
difference in the system of slavery in
Rome between the years 100 BCE to 500
CE and in the Atlantic world between the
years 1450 CE to 1750 CE.