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An Introduction to Music as Social Experience Chapter 2: Listening to Music Active listening versus hearing • Attentiveness • Analysis • Interpretation Music listening • Instrument sound quality • Shape of melodies • Rhythmic changes • Patterns that repeat Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music Elements of Music 1. Melody 2. Rhythm 3. Harmony 4. Timbre 5. Texture 6. Form Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music 1. Melody • Pitches (or tones) heard one after the other • The part of a song or composition you sing along with • Melodic contour: tones move up or down in pitch Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music Components of Melody: Intervals • Pitch difference between two consecutive tones is an interval • Step intervals • Two consecutive tones close in pitch • In scale order, such as do – re • Leap intervals • Two consecutive tones significantly different in pitch • Not in scale order, such as do – sol Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music Conjunct motion • Occurs in melodies with step intervals • Narrow range (distance between highest and lowest pitches) • May convey calm emotion Disjunct motion • Occurs in melodies with leap intervals • Wide range • May convey anxiety or excitement Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music Melodic structure • A phrase is “a sentence in tones.” • Each phrase has a point of arrival or cadence. • A singer might breathe at the cadence. • Phrases ending on the tonic harmony sound finished. • Phrases not ending on the tonic harmony sound unfinished. Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music 2. Rhythm • How music is organized in time • Patterns of sounds and silences • Timing of sounds: long and short, fast and slow Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music Components of Rhythm: • Beat • Meter patterns • Tempo Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music Beat • Most basic time unit in music • Musical heartbeat, organizes the musical flow • The part of the music you tap your feet or dance to • Quantifies duration of musical sound: how long or how short Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music Meter patterns • Repeating patterns of strong and weak pulses • Recurring strong pulse is the downbeat • Each downbeat is followed by one or more upbeats • Each group of one downbeat + upbeat(s) is called a measure Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music Duple meter • Recurring pattern of one downbeat + one upbeat • Marches, most popular songs are in duple meter Triple meter • Recurring pattern of one downbeat + two upbeats • Waltzes are in triple meter Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music Tempo • Speed or pace of the beat pattern • May remain constant throughout a composition OR • May speed up or slow down temporarily • Ask: Does the pace of your foot-tapping change? • Italian terms used in concert programs, such as: Adagio (at ease) Andante (walking tempo) Allegro (lively) Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music 3. Harmony • Two or more different pitches heard at the same time. • Ex: chords strummed on a guitar or two people singing different tones • May be consonant (stable) or dissonant (seeks stability or resolution) Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music 4. Timbre • Specific tone color of an individual sound • Combination of three factors: • Instrument size • Instrument material (what it is made of) • How sound is produced/style of playing • Orchestration: intentional combination of instruments to create a soundscape Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music 5. Musical Texture • How different musical parts fit together. • Blend of musical layers heard at the same time. • Four kinds of musical texture: • Monophony • Polyphony • Homophony • Heterophony Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music Monophony • A single musical line performed by one person or a group in unison • Without accompaniment • Without harmony Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music Polyphony • Several independent musical lines heard at the same time. • Simplest kind of polyphony: round or canon • Ex: “Row, Row, Row, Your Boat” with different voices starting at different times. • More complex polyphony: different melodies interwoven, may or may not start together Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music Homophony • A melody with supporting sounds, chordal accompaniment. • In the Western tradition, most hymns, folk tunes, and popular songs are set in a homophonic texture. Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music Heterophony • A single melody performed slightly differently by two performers • Ex: One performer embellishes the melody or changes the rhythm slightly • Uncommon in Western music • Heard often in Native American or Middle Eastern music Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music 6. Form • Overall structure in a piece of music • Organization of musical elements builds a cohesive composition • Composers use repetition, contrast and development to create tension or relaxation Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music Alphabet letters used to identify • Repeated parts (A A) • Contrasting parts (A B C) • Development parts (A A’ A”) Traditional Western art music forms: Binary (two parts: AB) Ternary (three parts: ABA) Rondo (refrain alternates with new material: ABACA) Cornelius-Natvig, Chapter 2: Listening to Music