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Blood
What is in blood?
White blood cells –
immune system
Platelets – involved in
clotting.
Plasma – 55% of blood.
Is a water solution.
Red Blood Cells
Carry oxygen throughout
body
Determine blood type
Blood Group Systems
• Blood group systems is another name for the
blood type.
• There are 32 identified blood group systems (sets
of antigens on the surface of red blood cells).
• The most important ones are the ABO systems
and RhD systems.
• In the case of a transfusion or transplant, they will
look at many more than these two.
• Although rare, some blood types can change
especially if a bone marrow transplant occurred.
What does your blood type mean?
Different blood
types have
different
SURFACE
PROTEINS on
their
RED BLOOD
CELLS
Rh Factor
If your blood does contain the
Rh protein, your blood is said
to be Rh positive (Rh+)
If your blood does NOT
contain the Rh protein, your
blood is said to be Rh
negative (Rh-)
Antigens
• Any foreign substance that stimulates the
immune system.
• Often foreign cells (like bacteria) or viruses.
• Can be a foreign protein or other large
molecule.
What are antibodies?
An antibody is a protein
produced by white blood
cells that recognizes and
helps fight any
substance in the body
that does not belong.
They are created in
response to antigens.
Your Body Protects Itself
• When an antigen (foreign substance) is present
– your body “manufactures” an antibody
– Attaches to the foreign substance
– This lets your immune system know to get rid of the
foreign body.
• In the case of blood, when these antigens are
present, the antibodies attach to the antigen and
cause the cells to link.
• The process is called agglutination.
Agglutination
Transfusions
• If the wrong blood type is put into a person, then
they can die.
• Type-A people cannot be exposed to any blood
that has B-type antigens in it. They can donate to
type A or AB people.
• Type-B people cannot have any A antigens in the
blood transfusion. They can donate to type B or
AB people.
• Type-O people cannot have any blood given that
has any antigens in it, but can donate to everyone.
Rh and Transfusions
• Rh factor is referring to another antigen on the red
blood cells.
• A person is either positive or negative.
• Rh positive people can receive positive and negative
blood, while Rh negative people can only receive
other blood that is Rh negative.
• The also becomes an issue with a pregnant mother if
the Rh of the mother is negative and the baby is
positive.
• O negative people are universal donors
• AB + people are universal acceptors.
Population Distribution
O+
A+
B+
AB+
O-
A-
B-
AB-
U.S.
37.4%
35.7%
8.5%
3.4%
6.6%
6.3%
1.5%
0.6%
India
36.5%
22.1%
30.9%
6.4%
2.0%
0.8%
1.1%
0.2%
Hungary 32%
44%
16%
8%
0.15%
0.2%
0.1%
0.05%
Saudi
Arabia
48%
24%
17%
4%
4%
2%
1%
0.23%
Ireland
47%
26%
9%
2%
8%
5%
2%
1%
Japan
29.9%
39.8%
19.9%
9.9%
0.15%
0.2%
0.1%
0.05%
Brazil
36%
34%
8%
2.5%
9%
8%
2%
0.5%
Immunoassays
• A chemical test that uses antibodies to identify a
substance.
• Antibodies that can stick to a particular substance
can be created by injecting the particular
substance into an animal.
• The animal will have an immune response to the
foreign antigen and produce antibodies that can
stick to it.
• Blood is then removed from the animal and these
antibodies are separated from the blood and
collected.
Immunoassays cont.
• Once they have the antibodies, they can add
them to a test sample to see if there is a
response.
• If there is, clumps begin to form called an
immunoprecipitate.
• Immunoassays can be used to detect a wide
range of macromolecules, most are of proteins.
(antigens and enzymes)
• Blood typing was the first type of immunoassay
used.
Heredity
• Blood typing works with the Punnett squares that
you learned in biology.
• A or B is dominant and O is recessive.
• A and B are codominant which means they both
can be expressed at the same time.
• Rh positive is dominant.
• Child has to match one of the probable outcomes
of the parents.
So let’s do a bunch!