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International Children’s Heart Fund
International Manual
of
Cardiothoracic Surgery
A. Thomas Pezzella MD, Editor
Founder/Director
International Children’s Heart Fund
www.ichfund.org
www.imcts.org
[email protected]
Contact:
A. Thomas Pezzella MD
17 Shamrock St.
Worcester, MA 01605 USA
e-mail – [email protected]
cell phone – 1-774-272-0241
www.ichfund.org
www.imcts.org
Acknowledgements
To Harold Jeghers MD who inspired a generation of physicians to
employ an organized system of collecting and indexing textbook, monograph,
and journal subjects/articles into a readily available Index Filing System (cf
Appendix)
To James I. Cox MD, the founder of the World Heart Foundation, for his
vision and strategic planning in developing a model for bringing voluntary
and humanitarian cardiothoracic surgery treatment, education, research, and
services to a wider global population, as well as initiating the concept of open
access to an internet based encyclopedia of cardiothoracic surgery.
To Shanghai Chest Hospital, for the opportunity to spend one year (July
2005- July 2006) in Shanghai, China on behalf of the World Heart
Foundation to help initiate a model 6 year cardiothoracic residency program.
This experience gained the editor insights into the daily needs of the
international audience of Cardiothoracic Surgeons.
To Cho Ray hospital in HCM City, Vietnam, for also extending an
invitation to implement a model 5 year CT surgery residency program from
July, 2012 to January, 2013.
International Handbook
of
Cardiothoracic Surgery
Preface
The source of current knowledge, information, and techniques in
cardiothoracic surgery is derived from major textbooks, monographs related
to specific areas or topics, journals, product information, corporate exhibits,
product representatives/personal, the internet, the plethora of local, regional,
national, and international meetings, congresses, conferences, symposia,
seminars, workshops, and the emerging teleconference, telemedicine,
teleconsult vehicles. This internet based open access text is primarily oriented
to medical students, general surgery and CT surgery residents, physician
assistants, and all others interested in a ready source of the practical basics of
cardiothoracic surgery, including adult cardiac, pediatric cardiac, and
general thoracic surgery. Hopefully the international character and focus of
the information will be useful to a worldwide audience. It is offered free to
those desiring it, and especially those without ready access to the published
literature. It will be updated annually, or more frequently at the discursion of
the contributing authors. No financial gain is planned or desired. Feel free to
contact the author with questions, objections, suggestions, and a willingness
to contribute to future editions. The ultimate goal is to provide the
international cardiothoracic community with free access to practical
information for everyday use in the active practice of the full spectrum of
Cardiothoracic Surgery.
A. Thomas Pezzella MD
International Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Outline
Ⅰ General Topics
·Introduction
·History of Cardiothoracic Surgery
·Global Aspects of Cardiothoracic Surgery
·Risk/Quality Assurance/Cost/Database/ Coding(USA)
·Complications/Errors
·Standards/Guidelines- STS/AHA/ACC
·Evidence Based Medicine
·Statistics/Research-Development/Grants/Funding/IRB
·Education/Training/Credentials/Licensure/ECFMG/ Job Opportunities – CV info.
·Ethics/Finance/ Billing/ Malpractice/ Reimbursement
·Government/Societies/Organizations
·Internet/Library resources/Publications/Computers/Library resources/Open access
·Administrative/Logistical considerations
·Corporate/Industry.
·Product
·Information
·Cost: Donation/Discounted/Market value
·Education
·Relationship guidelines
.Contact information
Ⅱ Basic Considerations
·Anatomy/embryology
·Physiology
·Biochemistry
·Pathology – Anatomical/Clinical
·Pharmacology
·Microbiology/Molecular Biology
·Pathophysiology
·Genetics
·Preventive Medicine/Public Health
·Clinical evaluation
·Etiological Considerations: Trauma, Infection, Cancer, Congenital, Post-operative
sequellae, Iatrogenic, Local manifestations of systemic disease,
Combinations-coexistence
·Flow sheets/ Case flow/ Protocols
·Algorithms
·Formulas
Ⅲ Clinical Disciplines
·Cardiology – Clinical/Diagnostic/Invasive/Interventional/Nuclear/EPS
·Pulmonology – Pulmonary Function/Diagnostic/Endoscopy
·Oncology - Staging/ Chemotherapy
·Gastrointestinal/Endoscopy
·Hematology/Blood Bank
·Infectious Disease
·Immunology/Transplantation
·Neurology/ Psychological testing
·Psychiatry
·Pharmacology - Clinical
·Renal
·Endocrine/Metabolic
·Pediatrics
·Surgery, general surgery - specialties
·Intensivist (Pediatric ICU, Neonatal ICU, CCU, Medical ICU, Surgical ICU,
CT Surgery ICU)
·Emergency Room / Trauma
·Anesthesia
·Pathology (Anatomic/Clinical)
·Radiology - diagnostic/invasive/interventional
·Radiotherapy
·Perfusion technology
·Nursing (ICU, OR, Ward, Clinic, Special care areas)
·BLS/ ACLS/ ATLS/ PCLS
·Allied health areas (Respiratory/Rehab./Lab./Occupational/Radiology)
Ⅳ Patient Care
·Preventive/Public Health/Epidemiology
·Pre-operative – Indications/ Evaluation/ Diagnostic aspects/ Clinical pathways/ Risk
·Operative – Anesthesia/ Perfusion/ Nursing/ Logistics/ Equipment – Supplies/
Instruments/ OR design, systems
·Post-operative – Subsystem Approach (outline)
·Rehabilitation – Follow up care/ Residua/ Complications
·Results/ Outcomes
Adult Cardiac Surgery
·Coronary Artery Disease (cf. outline)
·Valvular Heart Disease/ Endocarditis (outline)
·Aorta – Root/ Ascending/ Arch/ Descending/ Thoracoabdominal
·Trauma – Blunt/ Penetrating/ Blast/ Iatrogenic
·Transplantation – Heart/ Heart-Lung/ Assist/ Bridge
·Tumors
·Pericardium
·Arrhythmias – Medical/ Surgical/Pacing
·Tissue engineering/ Gene therapy/ Stem cell
·Cardiomyopathy/↓LV
·Vascular Surgery
·Complications
General Thoracic (Adult/Pediatric)
·Preoperative/ Operative/ Postoperative considerations
·Trauma
·Cancer
·Infection
·Anatomical
·Chest wall
·Pleura
·Lung – Congenital/ Acquired/ Transplantation
·Tracheobronchial
·Thoracic spine
·Mediastinum
·Diaphragm
·Esophagus
·motor
·congenital
·trauma
·reflux
·cancer
·Complications
Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
·Epidemiology – Incidence/ Prevalence/ Etiology
·Fetal/Neonatal Physiology/Pathophysiology
·Morphogenesis
·Anatomical tables/ charts
·Clinical cardiology (NICU, PICU, Ward, Clinic, ER)
·Diagnostic
·ECG
·ECHO- TTE, TEE
·CT
·MRI
·Catheterization- invasive
·Interventional Cardiology
·Database/ Classification/ Scores/ Risk
·Preoperative aspects
·Operative aspects
·Anesthesia: Access, Airway, Anesthesia, Monitoring, Drug support
·Perfusion, ECMO
·PICU – postoperative care
·Outcomes—complications, results
·Specific Congenital Anomalies
·Isolated/combined disorders
·Conduits – Conduit disorders
·PDA
·Vascular Rings
·Coarctation
·Pulmonic stenosis
·Interrupted Arch/Hypoplasia
·ASD; PAPVR; other Atrial Anomalies
·VSD
·AV Canal
·Truncus Arteriosus
·AP window
·RVOTO
·Tetralogy Fallot- with/ without pulmonary atresia
·Pulmonary Atresia/VSD
·Pulmonary Atresia/intact septum
·DORV
·DOLV
·Double Inlet Left Ventricle
·Double Inlet Right Ventricle
·Single Ventricle- physiology/ pathway
·TGA
·cTGA
·Ebstein anomaly
·LVOTO
·HLHS
·AV/LV tunnel
·Congenital MV problems
·Straddling/Overiding AV valve
·TAPVR/Pulmonary Vein Stenosis/Cor Triatriatum
·Anomalies of Systemic Venous Connections
·Coronary Artery Anomalies·
·Dextrocardia/situs inversus
·Isomerism/Heterotaxy
·Takayusu
·Kawasaki
·Rheumatic Fever/Rheumatic heart disease
·Tumors
·Trauma
·Pericardium
·Transplantation/Assist
·Endocarditis
·Arrhythmias/Pacemakers
·Adult congenital heart disease
Appendices
·Index (Jegher’s)
·ABTS
·ECFMG
·websites
·Charts/Figures/Tables
·Formulas/ Equations
·Corporate contacts
·Pre-operative - orders
·Post-operative-orders
·Flowsheets
·Protocols
·Operative sheet
·Preference list (Pick List)
·Charting – ICU/Ward – Flow sheets
·Perfusion record
·Anesthesia record
·Resuscitation
·ACLS
·PALS
·ATLS
·Drugs- Anesthesia, cardiac, other
·Instruments – Basic – Adult Cardiac/Pediatric Cardiac/General Thoracic
·OR diagram
·ICU diagram
·Equipment/Supplies
·Medications
·Hospital Aspects – bricks/mortar; infrastructure
·Volunteer/ Humanitarian Efforts
Cardiac Valve Surgery
General Aspects
· History
·Etiology
·Demographics
· Valve anatomy/ dynamics
·Diagnostic modalities
·Surgical indications/ EBM/ Risk
ACC-AHA Guidelines
·Statistical modalities/database
Mitral Valve
· Mechanical
· Bioprosthetic
· Leaflet/valve preservation techniques
· Homograft
·Complications
· Deac procedure
·Results/outcomes
· Quattro
Operative Techniques
Approaches
·Median sternotomy
·Mini sternotomy
·Clam shell
·Left chest
·Right chest
· RossⅡ
· Repair - ring/band/other
·Annulus
·Leaflets
·Cords
·Papillary muscles
·Infective Endocarditis
·Minimally invasive
·Pediatric/Congenital (cf. congenital)
·Robotic technology
·Percutaneous, trans apical technology
Aortic Valve / Ascending Aorta
Tricuspid
·Mechanical
·Bioprosthetic
·AVR (mechanical)
·Repair - ring/band/other
·AVR (bioprosthetic)
·Ebstein’s anomaly
·AVR - Stentless
·Infective Endoacarditis
·Valve Sparring (David/Yacoub)
·Bental (mechanical)
·Bental (bioprosthetic)
·Freestyle
·Homograft x 3 (inclusion/cylinder/root)
·Small Aortic Root - techniques
·Pediatric/Congenital
Pulmonary Valve
·Replacement
·Excision
·Repair
·Conduit- homograft/heterograft/
Dacron/Other
·Pediatric/Congenital
Multiple Valve
·Ross
·Aortic/Mitral
·Ross/Konno
·Mitral/Tricuspid
·Modified Konno
·Aortic/Mitral/Tricuspid
·Large Ascending Aorta
·Konno/Rastan
Valve Surgery/ Combinations
·AV repair
·Other cardiac procedures
·Apical Aortic Conduit
·Other non-cardiac procedures
·Ascending Aorta/Descending Aorta
·IHSS approaches
·Infective Endocarditis
·Pediatric/Congenital
Subsystem Approach to Post-operative Care
of the Adult Cardiac Surgery Point
·Hemodynamics - CO; arrhythmias; ischemia; failure; tamponade; IAB-Assist
·Respiratory - mechanical ventilation; tracheotomy; fast-track
·Hematological – Bleeding/Coagulopathy/Blood products/Conservation
·Neurological – Evaluation/ Stroke/ Seisure/Paraplegia
·Renal - Tests; acute, chronic failure
·Fluid/Electrolytes - Crystalloid/Colloid
·Infectious – prophylaxis; Immunology – Transplant
-----------------·Wound - sternum; leg; arm
·Vascular - PVD
·GI – prophylaxis; complications
·Nutrition – Enteral/Parenteral
·Metabolic/Diabetes - Sliding scale insulin
·Medications/Fluids/Resuscitation/ Pharmacy/ Protocols
·Clinical Pharmacology
·Nursing Aspects – protocols/ infusion systems
·ICU – design/function
Coronary Artery Disease
-
Coronary Anatomy/Physiology/Pathogenesis/Pathophysiology
Acute/Chronic Coronary Diseases/Syndromes-Incidence/Prevalence/Risk
Factors/Rehabilitation
Diagnostic testing
Medical treatment-Drugs/Coronary Care/Rehabilitation
Invasive testing-coronary scores/Hemodynamics
Interventional modalities-PTCA/ Stents/ Lytic Therapy/ IVUS
CAD scores; Syntax
TMR/ gene therapy/ stem cell/ tissue engineering
Heart failure-approaches (coronary/ non-coronary)
Surgery
- History
- Studies-Historic/Recent
- Database/ QA/ Risk/ Comorbidity/ ACC-AHA Guidelines
- Indications/Timing/Techniques
- ONCAB/ OPCAB/ Minimally invasive
- Spasm/bridge/intracavitary
- Sequential/ aneurysms/ flows/ septal/ endarterectomy
- Hybrid/Total Arterial grafting
- Conduits/Leg/Arm/Other
- Left main/elderly/young/females/other operations
- Reoperation/ median sternotomy/ left chest
- Mechanical-Shock/ MR /VSD LVA/ ↓LV/Rupture
- Rehabilitation
- Cost
-Results- Early/Mid-term/ Long-term
Basic Procedures/ Techniques/ Proficiency:
Techniques
NG tube insertion
Foley bladder catheter
IV access- peripheral/ central
Chest tube insertion
Peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion
AVC fistula catheter insertion
Umbilical arterial/venous catheter placement
Broviac/ Hickman deep line placement
ET intubation
Gasrostomy/PEG/ Jejeunostomy
Equipment
Multiparameter monitor calibration, adjustments
Mechanical ventilator
CPAP
IV infusion pumps
CT suction
Temporary pacemaker
ECG, A-wire
Defibrilater
OPCAB suction devices
ECHO—TEE. TTE
IAB
Oxymetry
Somanetics monitor
Ultrasound
Proficiency
ATLS/ ACLS/PALS
Drug dosing
Rowlatt Charts
Formulas: hemodynamic/ pulmonary
ECMO placement