Download The digestive system

Lecture №1
Introduction to
splanhnology.
Digestive system
SPLANCHNOLOGY
(THE SCIENCE OF THE VISCERA)
SOMATOLOGY
• The general cover
body (skin)
• The skeletal system
• The connection
system
• The muscular system
SPLANCHNOLOGY
•
•
•
•
The digestive system
The respiratory system
The urinary system
The reproductive
system
Cavities of the body
Ways to describe the topography of organs
 Holotopy
- the projection of organs on the body surface;
 Skeletopy
- the projection of organs the bone skeleton body;
 Syntopy
- the position in relation to nearby organs;
 The position organs in relation to the serosa.
Regions of the abdominal area
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
INTERNAL ORGANS
PARENCHYMAL
HOLLOW
STRUCTURE OF HOLLOW ORGAN
• The
layer wise distribution
membranes that perform different
functions;
• The layer wise distribution blood and
lymph vessels;
• The layer wise distribution neural
elements.
Tunica mucosa
Tela submucosa
Tunica muscularis
Tunica adventitia / serosa
STRUCTURE OF TUNICA MUCOSA
The mucous membrane lining the hollow
organs from their lumen. Contacting lumen
mucosal surface covered with epithelium. The
main functional purpose of the epithelial cells
is determined by their ability to absorb and
excrete metabolic products.
The basis of stroma of mucosa is fibrous
connective tissue with blood and lymph
vessels.
•
•
•
•
I – the epithelium
II – the proper plate
III – the muscular plate
IV – the submucous layer
Peculiarities of
mucous membrane
STRUCTURE OF MUSCULAR LAYER
Muscular layer is middle layer.
Regulation of traffic content in the inlet and
outlet sections of digestive tube provided
striated muscles. In other parts of the tube
contains smooth muscle fibers forming two
layers: an inner circular and outer longitudinal
.
Interaction of muscle fibers
- contributes to the peristaltic wave,
- keeping the tone of the wall,
- the passage of food in portions.
Sphincters
of the
digestive
tract
Serous membrane lining
the abdominal wall and the organs
SRTUCTURE OF PARENCHYMAL ORGANS
• Parenchyma is specialized tissue, that carries
out the specific function of the organ;
• Stroma - connective tissue, including blood,
lymph vessels and neural elements;
• Division of organ into functional units: lobes segments - acinus.
• Complicated system of excretory ducts.
Transverse
section through
somite
The end of the third week of embryonic development.
(longitudinal section of the embryo)
From the endoderm
formed tube – primary
gut, closed at the front and
rear ends.
Medial section through the head
of the human embryo length of 3 mm.
(4-5 week)
Oral fossa is separated
from the foregut by
pharyngeal membrane.
Anal atresia in a newborn
During the 4 week the ventral wall of the primitive gut protrudes forward. Later to form
the trachea, bronchi and lungs. This protrusion marks the border between the pharyngeal
and the trunk guts. The trunk gut is divided into an anterior, middle and posterior guts.
DYNAMICS OF THE PRIMARY
INTESTINE - TORSION OF INTESTINAL
LOOP
DYNAMICS OF THE PRIMARY INTESTINE - TORSION
OF INTESTINAL LOOP
Rotate intestine is
counterclockwise, 270 degrees
from the original position of
sagittal intestinal loop.
DEVELOPMENT OF DIGESTIVE ORGANS
yolk-sac
cloaca
4 week
6 week
8 week
10 week
Connection head gut with oral cove and the tail gut with anal cove and resorption
separating their membranes;
Formation of the oral cavity by separating the primary cove oral from airway (nasal
cavity);
Formation of the rectum and the separation of urogenital sinus from the cloaca;
Rotation gastric to horizontal position;
Intestinal elongation and turning it counterclockwise.
At the beginning of the formation of all organs of gastro - intestinal tract
surrounded on all sides by peritoneum. As a result, the turn to the next stages
of development there is a shift of: changing the position of the stomach,
duodenum, colon, liver movement also occurs in the right upper quadrant, and
occupies the position of the pancreas in the retroperitoneal space.
SPECIAL ANATOMY OF DIGESTIVE ORGANS
Each of the organs of the digestive system has:
• location (topography)
• definite shape,
• internal structure,
• develops from certain source,
• has a specific function in the act of digestion
PHARYNX
Pars nasalis
Pars oralis
Pars laryngea
Pharynx (posterior view)
Constrictions of oesophagus
Pharyngeal
OESOPHAGUS
Parts:
cervical
Bronchial
and aortic
thoracic
Diaphragmatic
abdominal
Topography of the stomach
The stomach is situated in the epigastirum,
occupying:
Left hypochondric region
Epigastric region (partly)
Th 10-11
Epigastrium
L1
Holotopy
Skeletotopy and Syntopy
Syntopy of stomach
STOMACH
Gaster, ventriculus
Lesser curvature
Greater curvature
Parts:
Walls:
- anterior
- posterior
• Cardiac
• Fundus (fornix)
• Body
• Pyloric
Layers of the wall:
•serous
subserous
•muscular
submucous
• mucous
TUNICA MUCOSA
M. sphincter
pyloricus
Gastric pits
Tubular glands
Pars pylorica:
• pylorus
• pyloric canal
• pyloric antrum
Stomach
The surface of the mucosa is
made up of gastric areas.
On the surface of the gastric
fields there are many openings
called gastric pits.
gastric pits
The glands of the stomach
 cardiac,
 proper,
 pyloric.





They consist of five types of cells:
The chief (produce pepsinogen)
The parietal (produce hydrochloric acid)
The additional (produce mucin)
The mucous
The endocrine (serotonin, histamine, etc.).
TUNICA MUSCULARIS
Oesophagus
Stratum longitudinale
Circular layer
Stomach
Oblique layer
Duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
The small intestine
•
Intestinal villi
Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum
Layers of the
wall:
Tunica mucosa
Tela submucosa
Intestinal
epithelium
Plicae circulares
Tunica muscularis:
Stratum longitudinale
Stratum circulare
Tunica serosa
Tela submucosa
Intestinal glands
Duodenum
Bulb
Pyloric
sphincter
Stomach
Major duodenal
papilla
Jejunum
Parts:
• superior
• descending
• horisontal
• ascending
Flexure:
- superior
- inferior
- diodenojejunal
Holotopy of the large intestine
• Caecum
Appendix vermiformis
• Colon
Ascending colon
Transvers colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
• Rectum
Large intestine
The structural features of the colon
- Haustra coli
- Taeniae coli
- Appendices epiploicae
Ilio – caecal angle
Vermiform appendix
Medial
Ascending
Ileocaecal valve
Lateral
Descending
Alternative positions of the
appendix
Topography and flexure of the rectum
Flexura sacralis
Flexurae laterales
Flexura anorectalis
Ampula recti
RECTUM
Transverse folds
Ampula
recti
Columnae
anales
Sinus anales
Canalis
analis
Anus
M. sphincter
ani internus
M. sphincter
ani externus
Layers:
• Tunica mucosa
Tela submucosa
• Tunica muscularis
• Tunica adventitia (serosa)
Pancreas
Pancreas and its ducts.
Body
Tail
Ductus pancreaticus
accessorius
Neck
Papilla duodeni minor
Papilla
Papilladuodeni
duodenimajor
major
Ductus pancreaticus
Head
Lin. medioclavicularis
Lin. parasternalis
LIVER
Topography
Liver lies in Epigastrium, occupying
- Epigastric region
- Right hypochondric region
- Left hypochondric region (partly)
Skeletotopy
Gallbladder
The upper boundary :
On the right - to IV intercostal space
On the left – at level 6 ribs
The lower bjundary:
On the right - along the edge of X rib
and, furthermore, the lower edge of the
costal arch.
Holotopy
On the left – joint of cartilages of VIII
and VII ribs
SURFACES AND LOBES OF LIVER
Lobus caudatus
Left lobe
Vena cava inferior
Right lobe
Ворота
печени
Left lobe
Lower border
Diaphragmatic surface
V. porta hepatis
Right lobe
Lobus quadratus
Visceral
Lobes:
Right
Left
Quadrate
Caudate
Porta hepatis
Vena cava
inferior
Hepatic veins
FUNCTIONS
•exchange
•detoxification
Vena porta
•barrier
•secretory (production and
secretion of bile)
•deposited (for blood)
Lobular branched blood vessels in the liver
HEPATIC LOBULUS
and bile ducts formation
HEPATIC
VEIN
CENTRAL
VEIN
HEPATIC ARTERY
PORTAL VEIN
BILE DUCT
Hepatic
sinusoid
BILE DUCT
HEPATIC
ARTERY
PORTAL VEIN
BILE
capillary
Central vein
Hepatic vein
Gallbladder and common bile duct
Ductus cysticus
Ductus hepaticus com.
Vesica felea
(biliaris)
Ductus pancreaticus
accessorius
Ductus choledochus
Ductus pancreaticus
PERITONEUM
PERITONEUM
PERITONEUM
PERITONEUM
Position of organs in relation to the peritoneum
-
Intraperitoneal
-
Mezoperitoneal
-
Retroperitoneal