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CH4 + 2O2
Reactants
 CO2 + 2H2O
Products
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + LIGHT ENERGY  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Equation for Photosynthesis
Counting Atoms
 Since atoms are single elements, when counting
them in a chemical equation, you look at the
subscript (the little number below the symbol
for the element)
 If there is also a coefficient (the number in front
of the element symbol), then you multiply that
number times the subscript number to find the
total number of atoms
Coefficient
CH4 + 2O2
Subscript
 CO2 + 2H2O
Counting Atoms
Example:
CH4 + 2O2
1 atom
of
Carbon
 CO2 + 2H2O
4 atoms of Oxygen 1 atom
of
(2 X 2 = 4)
Carbon
4 atoms of
2 atoms
Hydrogen
of
Oxygen
4 atoms
2 atoms
of
of
Hydrogen
Oxygen
(2 X 2=4)
(2 X 1=2)
Counting Molecules
 Since molecules are many atoms (elements)
put together, when counting them in a
chemical equation you ONLY look at the
coefficient (the number in front of the
element symbol)
 Example:
CH4 + 2O2
1 molecule of
methane
2 molecules
of oxygen
 CO2 + 2H2O
1 molecule of
carbon dioxide
2 molecules
of water
Inorganic Substances
Not
Containing Carbon
• Acids: substances that forms hydrogen (H)
hydrogen ions in water. pH of 0-7.
• Bases: substance that forms hydroxide ions
(OH) in water. pH scale of 7-14.
• Salts: Inorganic substances that typically
contain Chlorine.
HCl
H2SO4
NaOH
NaCl
KOH
MgCl2
Organic Substances
Molecule that is found
in living systems;
contains carbon;
usually in rings or long
chains
• Carbohydrates: made up of
simple sugars (saccharides)
Nucleic Acids: made up of
nucleotides
Lipids: made up of a glycerol and
at least 1 fatty acid
Proteins: made up of amino acids
Organic
Inorganic
Carbohydrate
Acid
Protein
Base
Lipid
Salt
Nucleic Acid
Organic Substances
Small organic molecule
(monomers) can link
together to form longer
and more complex
molecules (polymers).
Monomers are joined
through a process
known as dehydration
synthesis, the removal
of water.
monomer + monomer
polymer + H2O
Organic Substances
Hydrolysis is the
breaking of the bonds
between monomers in a
polymer by adding
water.
This process is necessary in
digestion so that molecules
can be small enough to be
absorbed and transported
into the cell.
polymer + H2O
monomer + monomer
Properties of Water
Universal Solvent – many
substances will dissolve in water
Polar Molecule - Water is a
polar molecule because the
electrons from H are unequally
shared.
Bonding
Polarity
one atom (O) has a
greater attraction for
the electrons than
the other atom (H).
Periodic Table
Organic Substances
Structure
Carbohydrate
(C, H & O in
a 1:2:1
ratio)
Lipids
(C, H & O
not in a
1:2:1
ratio)
Protein
(C, H, O & N)
Nucleic Acid
(Sugar,
Phosphate
&
Nitrogen)
Subunit
Types
Roles
Saccharides
Monosaccharides
Quick Energy
Polysaccharides
Delayed energy
or structural
Examples
Glucose
Fructose
(sugars)
Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch
Identification
Benedict’s
Reagent
Iodine
Benedict’s Results (Simple Sugars)
Positive
test- color
changed
to orange
Benedict’s
+
Glucose
-
water
Negative
teststayed
the same
colorlight blue
Iodine Results (Starches)
Negative
teststayed
the same
coloryellow/
brown
Positive
test- color
changed
to blue/
black
Starch
Water
Carbohydrates
• Carbon ring
• C6H12O 6
Organic compounds
that have the formula
CH2O or 1:2:1
Monosaccharides
• Carbon ring
• C6H12O 6
• Fuel for
Respiration
Di
Polysaccharides
• Carbon ring
• C6H12O 6
Polysaccharides
• Carbon ring
• C6H12O 6
A storage molecule
found in plants.
Plants store sugars in
the form of starch for
later use.
Polysaccharides
• Carbon ring
• C6H12O 6
A storage molecule
found in animals.
Animals store sugars
in the form of
glycogen for later
use.
Organic Substances
Structure
Subunit
Types
Roles
Carbohydrate
(C, H & O in
a 1:2:1
ratio)
Amino acids
Nucleic Acid
(Sugar,
Phosphate
&
Nitrogen)
Identification
Meats
Hormones
Muscle
Hair
Nails
Enzymes
Blood Cells
Lipids
(C, H & O
not in a
1:2:1
ratio)
Protein
(C, H, O & N)
Examples
Structural
&
Functional
Biuret’s Reagent
catalysts
transport
movement
protection
immune
growth
Biuret Results (Protein)
Negative
teststayed
the same
colorlight blue
-
Water
Biuret
+
Protein
Positive
test- color
changed
to light
lavendar
Proteins
•Amino group
•Carboxyl group
•R group
Proteins are
macromolecules
comprised of chains of
amino acids.
Proteins
•Amino group
•Carboxyl group
•R group
R Group
Amino Group
Carboxyl Group
Proteins
•Amino group
•Carboxyl group
•R group
Proteins
•Amino group
•Carboxyl group
•R group
Proteins are joined together
by dehydration synthesis.
The bond between the
amino acids is called a
peptide bond; therefore,
proteins are known as
polypeptides.
Proteins
•Amino group
•Carboxyl group
•R group
Organic Substances
Structure
Subunit
Types
Roles
Examples
Identification
Fats
Oils
Waxes
Brown paper
Carbohydrate
(C, H & O in
a 1:2:1
ratio)
Lipids
(C, H & O
not in a
1:2:1
ratio)
Protein
(C, H, O & N)
Nucleic Acid
(Sugar,
Phosphate
&
Nitrogen)
Fatty Acids
•Cholesterol
Stored energy
•Phospholipids
Insulation
•Fats:
Cell Components –
Saturated
Cell membrane
Unsaturated
Sudan
Sudan Results
-
+
Negative
teststayed
the same
colorClear
Positive
test- color
changed
to Red
Water
Lipid (Fat)
Lipids
Glycerol
+
Fatty Acid tails
• Comprised of C, H, and O.
• Lipids are insoluble in
water.
• Lipids include
phospholipids, and fats
(AKA triglycerides).
Lipids
Glycerol
+
Fatty Acid tails
Glycerol
Fatty Acid
Saturated
• Animal fats
• Solid at room
temp
• Lacks double
bond in
Carbon chain
Unsaturated
• Plant fats
• Remain liquid
at room temp.
• Has a double
bond in
Carbon chain
Lipids
Which one is the unsaturated fat?
A
C
B
E
D
F
Cell Membrane
Composed of a Lipid Bilayer
(2 layers of fat)
Organic Substances
Structure
Subunit
Types
Roles
Examples
Identification
DNA
RNA
Carrier of
genetic
information;
instructions for
protein
synthesis
DNA
RNA
None 
Carbohydrate
(C, H & O in
a 1:2:1
ratio)
Lipids
(C, H & O
not in a
1:2:1
ratio)
Protein
(C, H, O & N)
Nucleic Acid
(Sugar,
Phosphate
&
Nitrogen)
Nucelotides
NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic acids are the only
macromolecules with the unique ability to
REPRODUCE themselves and carry the
code that directs all of the cell’s activities.