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Chapter and Topic of this Review Guide:
Memory
Vocab Term
Definition of Term
Memory
The permanence of learning through
storage and retrieval
A clear memory of a significant event
Flashbulb memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Long-term memory
The processing of information into the
memory system
Retention of information over time
Getting information out of storage for
use
The permanent, limitless storehouse
used for all the information
accumulated over your lifetime
Example
Surprise birthday party, car accident,
etc.
Remembering where you put something
or how you met someone
Friend’s birthdays, how to do calculus,
memories of vacations
Short-term memory
Active memory that holds a few items
for a short time
Where you’re heading on a car trip, a
new friend’s phone number, the date
your homework is due
Working memory
Similar to short-term with focus on
consciousness and active processes
Sitting, seeing, breathing, blinking
Automatic processing
Unconcius encoding of incidental and
well-learned information
Encoding that requires attention and
conscious effort
Conscious repetition of information,
either to keep it in the short-term or
include it in the long-term
The tendancy for spaced out study or
rehearsal to get better long term
retention
How to tie shoes, ride a bike, add and
subtract
Memorizing the definitions of words,
learning people’s names
Making flash cards, quizzing yourself,
repeating words/phrases
Serial Position effect
In lists, people tend to remember the
first and last items best.
From a grocery list remembering
“milk”, which was first and “cookies”,
which was last
Semantic encoding
Encoding of meaning
Acoustic encoding
Encoding of sound
Visual encoding
Encoding of images
Definitions of words, meanings of
symbols, complex ideas
Recognizing different instruments and
people’s voices
People’s faces, places, other pictures
Mnenomics
Devices that aid memory
Chunking
Putting information together into easily
remembered units
Extremely short term memory of
stimuli taken in by the senses
Short-term sensory memory of visual
pictures
Short-term sensory memory of sounds
Effortful processing
Rehearsal
Spacing effect
Sensory memory
Iconic memory
Echoic memory
Long-term Potentiation (LTP)
After brief, rapid stimulation, the
synapses in the brain increase their
firing and create stronger mental
connections; this is the basis for all
Studying in small amounts each night
rather than cramming for a test.
Acronyms for remembering the order of
the planets and the Great Lakes
Putting a list of numbers into 3 digit
chunks or dates
The instant after you hear a sound, taste
something, see something, etc.
Seeing whatever’s in front of you
(someone’s face, a sign)
A note/pitch, car horn, person’s voice
Remembering something better after
intense rehearsal
learning and memory
Amnesia
The loss of memory
Implicit memory
Retention that is not linked to
consciousness; a person can’t recall this
information at will
Memory of things that a person can
consciously know and repeat
The part of the brain that processes
explicit memories
Explicit memory
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
The part of the brain that forms and
stores implicit memories
Recall
Retrieval of previously learned
information
Identificatoin of previously learned
information
Activating certain associations in
memory
Recognition
Priming
Déjà vu
“Already seen”; feeling as if you’ve
been in the exact same situation before
Mood-congruent memory
The tendency to recall memories which
are consistent with your current mood
When prior learning affects new
learning
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
When new learning affects prior learing
Repression
The theory that natural defense
mechanisms block bad memories
The tendancy for people to add
misleading or false information to their
memories
Misinformation effect
Source amnesia
Authors of Important Study
Not being able to remember where you
learned something from
Basic of What Was Done
Not remembering family members,
familiar places
How to perform tasks and simple, daily
actions (walking, etc.)
People’s names, driving directions to a
specific place
Providing a short answer response on a
test.
Doing matching or multiple choice
questions on a test
Seeing a picture of a rabbit and being
able to spell a related word (hare,
bunny)
Sitting down in a restaurant and feeling
as if you have sat in the exact same
place with the exact same people before
Being sad and remembering other times
when you were sad
You learned how to speak Japanese two
years ago. Now you’re learning Dutch
but you keep using Japanese phrases by
mistake.
You just started a new e-mail account.
When you go to check your old one,
you keep typing in your new password.
Supposedly not remembering childhood
abuse
Remembering a car crash as more
violent when someone asks you what
happened when the cars “smashed”
rather than “collided”
Recalling seemingly random facts with
no memory of where you learned them
Lesson(s) learned from the
study
Harry Bahrick
Bahrick and three of his family
members practiced the translations of
words into foreign languages at
varying intervals (14-56 days) over 9
years
Told people to remember groups of 3
consonants, but then had the count
backwards by threes (to avoid
rehearsal). After a matter of seconds,
the test subjects could not remember
their consonants.
Showed a film of a car collison to test
subjects; asked some how fast the car
was going when it hit the other car and
others the speed when it smashed the
other car; those asked when it smashed
gave higher speed estimates and
reported broken glass when there was
none
The longer the space between practice
sessions, the better retention was over
years
Name of Important Person
What this person is known for
Impact on Psychology
Herman Ebbinghaus
Graphing the “forgetting curve”
Sigmund Freud
Theory of repression; our minds block
out distressing childhood memories
The amount remembered depends on
the time spent learning
Caused great controversy in
psychology, still debated today
Lloyd and Margaret Peterson
Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer
Active processing is crucial to memory
Memories are malleable based on how
they are framed