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Levels of Organization
The smallest unit of matter is
an atom.
The cell is the basic unit of
structure and function in living
things.
While there are unicellular
organisms, multicellular
organisms are made of many
cells that are specialized to
perform particular tasks.
Multicellular organisms are
made up of specialized cells
that work together to make
tissues, followed by organs,
then organ systems, and finally
an organism.
Cell Specialization
All cells carry the same DNA
information but they do not
perform the same functions and
may not look the same.
The process of a cell becoming a
particular type of cell is called
cell differentiation.
Regeneration
Regeneration is the process
where a body part is replaced
or regrown. Ex: Salamanders
can regrow limbs that have
been amputated.
The human liver is the only
human organ that has the
ability to regenerate. Human
fingertips also have a limited
ability to regenerate.
Stem Cells
Every cell in our bodies originally came from a small
group of stem cells.
A stem cell is an unspecialized cell. It has the
potential to become any type of cell.
Under the proper conditions the stem cells can
become specialized cells.
The ability to direct stem cell development could help
to treat many injuries and diseases.
Embryonic Stem Cells
These come from human embryos (either from
umbilical cords, placenta or from aborted embryos).
At this point in the development of a human, these
cells have not differentiated and can become anything.
Adult Stem Cells
There are few examples of adult stem cells in the body
because most cells have specialized.
There are some in skin, blood and neural tissues.
Currently, these are being used in research for the
treatments of many diseases like cancer, Alzheimer’s
and Parkinson’s.
Meristematic Stem Cells
These are stem cells found in plants.
Located in the growing root tips.
They continually produce new cells of various types for
the life of the plant.
Animal Tissues
Groups of cells that function together and are
specialized for common tasks are called tissues.
There are 4 types of animal tissues: epithelial,
connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
Specialized
Cells
50 – 75 Trillion cells in your
body
220 specialized cells
Muscle
Nerve
Blood (red and white)
Sperm
Egg
1) Epithelial Tissue
Lines the body cavities and outer surface of the body.
They form a protective barrier. It can be one cell thick
or several layers thick.
Forms glands that produce hormones, enzymes, and
sweat.
Ex: skin
2) Connective Tissue
Main purpose is to join other tissues together.
They also store fat and fill empty space.
Tendons, ligaments, bones, cartilage and blood are all
types of connective tissue.
Blood is made of plasma, red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets.
3) Muscle Tissue
3 types: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth.
Skeletal muscles are used for movement of our
appendages.
Smooth muscle lines many organs.
Cardiac muscles is the muscle of the heart.
Smooth and Cardiac muscles are involuntary, meaning
they move without conscious control.
4) Nervous Tissue
Tissues capable of creating and sending messages
throughout the body.
They send and receive information and respond to
stimuli.
Plant Tissues
4 types: epidermal,
vascular, ground, and
meristematic.
They all originate from
meristematic tissue
because it is
unspecialized.
1) Meristematic Tissue
Unspecialized tissue capable of becoming any kind of
cells.
Responsible for growing new parts of the plant.
2) Epidermal Tissue
The protective outer covering of the plant.
Has specialized guard cells that from pores called
stoma allowing molecules like water, CO2 and O2 to
pass in and out.
3) Ground Tissue
In the stem, provides strength and support.
In the leaves, photosynthesis and gas exchange occur
in a specialized mesophyll layer.
In the roots, stores water and nutrients.
4) Vascular Tissue
Used for transporting substances like water and
nutrients throughout the plant.
2 types: xylem and phloem.
The xylem moves water and minerals up from the
roots to the leaves.
The phloem transports sugar produced during
photosynthesis in the leaves to other parts in the plant.