Download Unit 5 Cellular Energy

Unit 5 Cellular Energy
I. Enzymes (159)

There are countless numbers of chemical
reactions occurring in every cell all the
time. Virtually all of these reactions
enzymes catalytic
require the action of _______,
Speeds up
proteins
__________.
A catalyst _________a
chemical reaction without being
_______________________.
An enzyme
Used up in the reaction
works by lowering the activation
energy, that is the energy required to
__________________.
Get the reaction going
Enzymes share four common
features:

A. Enzymes work best within a narrow
pH
temperature
_____
and _____________
range. This is
shape
because of the importance of the ______
conformation
or ____________
of the enzyme. When
the pH or temperature is altered, the
Chemical bonds
_____________
and interactions are also
changed, changing the shape of the
enzyme.

B. Enzymes do not make a reaction
happen that couldn’t happen on its own;
they simply make the reaction occur
much _________.
faster

Used up in the reaction
C. Enzymes are not ________________.
The same enzyme may be used over and
over again.

D. Enzymes are __________________.
Substrate-specific
The substrate is the___________.
The
reactant
substrate fits into a portion of the
enzyme called the ____________.
As the
Active site
substrate fills the active site, this leads to
a phenomenon known as __________,
Induced fit
almost like a _________.
It is this
squeeze
induced fit that is responsible for
lowering the ________________of
the
Activation energy
reaction.
Metabolism (218-221)
All chemical reactions in a cell are
metabolism
referred to as cell ______________
 Metabolic pathways- series of chemical
reactions in which the __________of
one
product
reaction is the ___________for
the next
reactant
reactions.

2 Types:
energy
A. Catabolic pathways- Release
_____________by
breaking
down larger molecules into smaller molecules
organic
EX. Cellular Respiration- ______
energy
molecules broken down to release _______
for cell to use.
B. Anabolic pathways- use the energy released by
catabolic pathways ______________molecules
from
To build larger
______________
molecules.
smaller
Light energy
◦ EX. Photosynthesis- ______________from
Sun is
______________
to Chemical
______________in
converted
energy form of
glucose.
◦ The relationship of anabolic & catabolic pathways
results in the ________________________within
an
Continual flow of energy
organism as well as within an ecosystem.
III. CHEMICAL ENERGY AND
LIFE (pp. 218-221)
A. Energy and Life
Energy is the ___________________.
Cells
Ability to do work
require energy for ________
metabolic reactions, _____
active
transport,________,
and maintaining
Cell division
___________. We obtain energy from _____,
homeostasis
food
but most energy originally comes from the
sun.
Plants are able to capture the sun’s energy and
use it to produce glucose,________. This
C6H12Ooccurs
6
process, known as___________,
in
the _________of plant
cells.
photosynthesis

chloroplasts

The reaction for photosynthesis is:

C6H12O6
O2
CO2
Energy
H2 O
______+______+__________________+_____
Plants and other organisms that can
make their own food are known as
autotrophs
________________.
Humans and
 other organisms that have to obtain food
heterotrophs
are known as ______________.
Although
glucose is the preferred energy molecule
lipids
carbohydrates _______,
for the cell, other ___________,
proteins can also be broken down
and _______
for energy.

B. Chemical Energy

The chemical energy in food (and all
molecules) is stored in the_____________.
chemical bonds
This is__________
energy. When the bonds
potential
are broken and the _________
electrons are released,
some energy is lost as ________,
but a
heat
percentage of the potential energy can be
converted to useable energy in the form of
_____.
ATP Food molecules cannot be used as a
direct energy source for the cell because
food contains too much energy ... if it were
wasteful
released all at once, it would be _______
and ____________.
destructive
C. ATP
 ___________________is
Adenosine TriPhosphate
a __________
nucleotide
that is composed of:
adenine
 ___________
- nitrogen base
 ___________
- 5 carbon sugar
ribose
3 phosphate
 ___________________Groups
Energy is stored in
__________________________.
These
Phosphate-phosphate bonds
“rechargeable batteries” are mostly
present in the cell in two forms:
 ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate. Has 3
phosphate groups.
 ADP - Adenosine Diphosphate. Has 2
phosphate groups.

 _____
ATP
has the most phosphate bonds, and
potential or
therefore contains the most ________
stored energy.
 Cells are able to use and recycle
ATP by breaking off or adding a
phosphate group.
_________
1. Energy can be used when a
broken
phosphate bond is _________.
________
_________________
ATP  ADP + P
 2. Energy is stored; that is, ATP is
“recharged” by adding a phosphate
group to ADP + P → ATP
 *Under normal conditions, both of
these processes are occurring at the
same time and all the time in a cell*

http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html
REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Unit 4
http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG
Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS
began centuries ago with this
simple question:
When a tiny seed grows into a
huge plant, where does all the
“new plant” come from?
CO2 and H20
http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG
THE BIG PICTURE
Scientists discovered that in the
sunlight plants transform CO2 and
presence of _________,
water into carbohydrates and release oxygen.
Carbon
WATER
_____________
+
____________
dioxide
6 CO2 + ____________
6 H 2O
_____________
Sugars
Oxygen
_______________ + ____________
→
C6H12O6 + ____________
6 O2
_______________
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products
LIGHT ENERGY
6CO2 + 6H2O
SUGAR + 6O2
In addition to water and ,
Carbon dioxide
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/255phts.htm
chlorophyll
__________________
and
light energy
__________________
are needed for photosynthesis
to happen.
Chloroplast


Found mainly in the _______
leaves of most plants
Disk-shaped organelles contain 2 main
compartments
◦ Thylakoids- flattened
saclike membranes that are arranged in
____________________
stacks, this is where the light-dependent rxn take
place here.
thylakoids
◦ Grana- stacks of ____________
Fluid-filled spaces that is outside
◦ Stroma- __________________
grana this is where light-independent rxn
the _______,
takes place
absorbing
Pigments- light ___________colored
molecules
Found in thylakoid
__________ membranes
 Different pigments absorb specific
wavelengths
_____________ of light
absorb
 Chlorophyll
___________- ______most
strongly in the
Violet-blue
____________
region of the visible light
reflect
spectrum & __________
light in the
green region of the spectrum. (Why leaves
______
appears green to our eyes) More abundant
than other pigments in leaves, thus hides the
colors of the other pigments. Different types
Chlorophyll a & b
called __________________


Accessory pigments- allows plant to
absorb different __________
wavelengths of light
_______
energy
 ______________absorb
Carotenoids _________in
Blue & green
_______________region
&________,
reflect
Yellow
, orange
& red
__________________________
Ex. β – carotene
 In fall production of
chlorophyll
____________________slows
down or stops,
thus bringing out the colors of the accessory
pigments.
http://son.nasa.gov/tass/images/cont_emspec2.jpg
http://www.ology.amnh.org/einstein/lightmatterenergy/light.html
Visible light is made up of many different
wavelengths
_______________of
light
Your eyes “see”
different sizes of
waves as different
colors
___________
http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg
BUT… We “see” reflected light
REFLECTED
Light wavelengths that are ___________
off of objects bounce back to our eyes .
That is the ___________
we “see”
COLOR
Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html
ENERGY & ELECTRONS
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif
When chlorophyll
absorbs light, the
energy is transferred
to electrons in the
chlorophyll molecule.
ELECTRONS
HIGH ENERGY ____________
make photosynthesis work!
http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif
PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS
IN CHLOROPLASTS
Proteins that are part of the thylakoid
membrane organize
________________________________
Light absorbing PIGMENTS into
clusters called _____________________
PHOTOSYSTEMS
http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG
LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY
CARRIERS
Molecule that carries
= _______
ATP
Molecule that carries
HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS
= ___________
NADP+
Images by Riedell
Frying pan image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
NADP
____________
NADP+ is one
of the carriers that
cells use to transport
high energy electrons.
+
2
e
H
________ + _____ + _____
→
____________
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
Requires ______________
LIGHT
membranes
Molecules are part of THYLAKOID
________________
PHOTOSYSTEMS II & I
Made up of __________________
connected by ______________________
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
& ___________________
ATP SYNTHASE
Uses light energy to change
ADP + P → _______
ATP
NADPH
NADP+ + 2e- + H + → _________
H20 molecules and
Breaks apart ______
releases _____________
oxygen
Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
See an animation about the
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
SEE A MOVIE
ATP SYNTHASE
IN ACTION
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/atpsyn1.sw
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swf
CALVIN CYCLE
(also called _________________________)
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
____________
DOES NOTrequire ____________
LIGHT
STROMA between thylakoids
Happens in _________
NADPH donates Hydrogen
_______________
+ electrons
ENERGY
ATP donates _________________
CO2 donates ______________
Carbon & oxygen
to make __________
GLUCOSE
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Calvin Cycle
CO2 Enters the Cycle
Energy Input
5-Carbon
Molecules
Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar
Produced
Sugars and other compounds
See Calvin cycle
animation
PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW
Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Prentice Hall