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Some General Features of Animals • Animals are ___________________________ that are ____________ in form and habitat, are _______________, and have ___________________________ • Kingdom Animalia is traditionally divided into the Parazoa ___________________________ Eumetazoa ___________________________ • The eumetazoan branch is divided into Radiata and Bilateria __________________________. • Bilateral animals have _____________ ( a head region) Bilateral animals further split into groups with and without a body cavity (_____________). (p. 660) This is a distinction long used for classification Types of Body Cavities page 660 • _______________ -no body cavity – flatworms • ______________-pseudocoel located between mesoderm and endoderm – roundworms, rotifers • _______________- body cavity completely contained within mesoderm – many members inc Homo sapiens Protostome/ Deuterostome • ___________________– Blastopore (invagination of blastula) becomes mouth • ____________________ – Blastopore becomes anus • Puzzles related to Animal Evolution • Origin of sponges? – The multinucleate hypothesis, polyphyletic origin hypothesis, and the ___________________________ all try to account for the origin of metazoans from single-celled protists. – See picture on page 656 • Puzzles related to Animal Evolution • A large diversity of animal body plans occurred around the __________________, with no major innovations since. Cause?... – the emergence of ______________________________________ ______________________________________ – debut of ___________________within developing animal embryos. Arthropods are the most diverse of all animal groups. • ________________________________________ • Arthopod body plan_____________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ___ …arthropods • The exoskeleton is secreted by, and fused with, the epidermis, and provides a hard surface for muscle attachment. • ___________________________________ ___________________________________; some have adaptations such as compound eyes, a respiratory system composed of tracheae, and an excretory system composed of Malpighian tubules. A Major Group of Arthropods: Crustaceans • Most crustaceans have two pairs of antennae, three types of chewing appendages, and various pairs of legs. • Crustaceans are found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. Major Classes of Arthropods: Arachnids • Arachnids have a pair of chelicerae (mouthparts), a pair of pedipalps (copulatory or pincer function), and four pairs of walking legs. Major Classes of Arthropods: Centipedes and Millipedes • Centipedes and millipedes are made of a head region followed by numerous similar segments. – Centipedes have one pair of legs per segment, and millipedes have two pairs per segment. Major Classes of Arthropods: Insects • Class Insecta is the largest group of organisms on the planet, living in nearly every possible habitat. • Most are relatively small, and contain three body sections: head, thorax, and abdomen, with three pairs of legs attached to the thorax, and one pair of antennae. • Most insects have compound eyes. …insects • Many insects undergo either simple or complex metamorphosis. • What are the stages of complete metamorphosis? Complete Metamorphosis in Insecta Complete Metamorphosis • _____________________ • _____________________ • _____________________ • ______________________ • The Chordates • Four features characterize the chordates: (1) single, __________________; • (2) a flexible ____________________present at some developmental stage; • (3) _____________________connecting the pharynx and the esophagus (gill slits in human embryos-1 pair remain as eustacian tubes); • (4)_________________________________ at least during embryonic development. (p. 684) • 34.2 Nonvertebrate chordates have a notochord but no backbone. The Nonvertebrate Chordates • Tunicates possess a _______________ and a _________________as larvae, but look at them as adults! (p. 700) • ___________________ are fishlike marine chordates with a ____________________running the entire length of the ___________________(p. 699) • The evolution of vertebrates involved invasions of sea, land, and air. Characteristics of Vertebrates • Vertebrates -vertebral column instead of a notochord, and a distinct head. (p • The history of the vertebrates -they invaded the sea and then the land. (p. 703) • Distinction – ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Vertebrates are distinguished from other chordates • _________________________ • __________________________ • ___________________________________ __________________________________ • Fishes • Fish were the first vertebrates and are the most diverse and successful vertebrate group. (p. 690) • Key characteristics of fish include a ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ (they need to eat a nitrogen source). (p 707 and circulation PPT) • __________________ eventually became dominant sea predators, partially due to a skeleton composed of __________________. Sharks were also among the first vertebrates to develop _____________________. • What do you know about shark’s teeth? • We will closely examine a shark after AP testing • ______________________-- ossification provides a strong base for muscle attachment and evolved in fresh water. (p. 696) – __________________for buoyancy – a _________________________(also found in sharks, to be seen in lab) – ____________________________to permit water to be pumped over the gills. (pp. 696697) Amphibians • ________________ • ___________________ • _____________________ • ________________________(711-12 and circulation PPT) • evolved from lobe-finned fishes. • Include frogs and toads, salamanders, and caecilians (w/o limbs). Reptiles • Key characteristics of reptiles include the ___________________________________ ____________________________(expand ribcage). • Turtles, lizards and snakes, tuataras, and crocodiles. (pp. 714-718) • What are the components of the amniotic egg? Watertight Amniotic Egg • ________________ Membrane that surrounds embryo and maintains watery environment (portable sea) • ________________-Gas exchange • In bird egg, this membrane is found attached to inner shell. • In mammals, becomes embryo’s part of the placenta • _________________-Helps dispose of nitrogenous waste (garbage bag) (forms part of umbilical cord in mammals) • ______________-Contains fat rich nutrients (develops into allantois in mammals) Birds • Modern birds retain many reptilian characteristics, but lack teeth and have vestigial tails. They are distinguished from living reptiles by ___________________________________ ________________________(p. 718-720) They have a __________________through the lungs. • Descended from dinosaurs • Mammals • _______________________________ • ___________________________________ • ___________________________________ • The Orders of Mammals • Mammals were not common until dinosaurs disappeared. Modern mammals fall into one of three categories: _______________________, egg-laying mammals; _________________, pouched mammals; and _________________________(721-27) Evolution among the primates has focused on brain size and locomotion. Primates • ________________________and toes and _____________________are two features that allowed primates to flourish. • Modern _________________ include lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers, while ____________________ include monkeys, apes, and humans. - (Zaboomafoo from PBS) List major vertebrate developments • • • • • • __________________________________ __________________________________ ________________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________