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MONIKA CHOUDHARY et al. Volume 3 Issue 3: 2015 Citation: 10.2348/ijset06150825 Impact Factor- 3.25 ISSN (O): 2348-4098 ISSN (P): 2395-4752 OPTIMIZATIONOFCURRENTMODELOGICCIRCUITSOSCILLATORUSING CURRENTDIFFERENCINGBUFFERAMPLIFIER 1MONIKACHOUDHARY,2SHARAVANBISHNOI,3NIDHISHTIWARI 1M.Tech.Scholar,JagannathUniversity,Jaipur,Email:[email protected] 3AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofElectronics&CommunicationEngineering,JagannathUniversity,Jaipur ABSTRACT AnewimprovedCMOSconfigurationofCDBAispresentedprovidinglowinputimpedancesatportspandn,veryhighoutput impedanceatportz,agoodlinearityandhighinput/outputgainratioforcurrenttransfer.TheofferedCDBAcontainsonly MOStransistorsandisdesignedtobeimplementedinCMOStechnology.TodemonstratetheperformanceoftheCDBAcircuit, afirstorderall‐passfilterwaschosen.ThenextsectionsincludethePSPICEsimulationsfiltercharacteristicsandtheoscillator characteristic. The simulations show that the proposed CDBA circuit exhibits a very good performance and the results obtainedforthefilterareingoodagreementwiththeory. IndexTerms‐CMOS,CDBA. 1. INTRODUCTION Current mode circuits are designed using current mode active elements as basic building blocks. Moreover following building blocks have been developed for current mode circuit design: first generation current conveyors (CCI), second generation current conveyors (CCII), third generation current conveyors (CCIII), operational transconductance amplifier (OTA), current feedback amplifier (CFA), differential difference current conveyor(DDCC),currentdifferencingbufferedamplifier (CDBA), current differencing transconductance amplifier (CDTA),voltagedifferencingtransconductanceamplifier (VDTA) [6‐11]. Understanding of the design and functionalityaspectsofthesecurrentmodecircuitswould help us in development of new such circuits in the presentresearchwork. Currentdifferencingbufferedamplifier(CDBA):CDBAisa multi‐terminal active component with two differential currentinputsandtwovoltageoutputs.Itisderivedfrom thecurrentfeedbackamplifier(CFA).Itcanberealizedby acascadeconnectionofacurrentsubtractorandavoltage follower. International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology- www.ijset.in Figure1:a)Currentdifferencingbufferamplifiersymbol b)EquivalentcircuitofCDBA 2. PROPOSEDWORK Pertaining to current mode circuits, adequate references of primary level research have been available in literature. A circuit simulating a second generation positive and negative current conveyor(CCII) using four operational amplifiers is reported in literature. This circuit gives low tracking error. The architecture of first and second generation current conveyor (CCI and CCII respectively) is presented and an amplifier is designed using secondgeneration current conveyor. The designed amplifierthroughCCII+providesbettergainwithhigher accuracy. A novel CMOS low‐voltage and low‐power positive second‐generation current conveyor (CCII+) is proposed.Itusestwon‐channeldifferentialpairsinstead of the complementary differential pairs; i.e. (n‐channel and p‐channel), to realize the input stage. This solution allows almost a rail‐to‐rail input and output operation; also it reduces the number of current mirrors needed in theinputstage.AnewBiCMOSCCIIandCCCII,capableof operateatlowvoltage(±0.5V)andhavingwidedynamic rangewithachievedhighbandwidthhavebeenproposed. The structures have been found to be insensitive to the threshold voltage variations. Two different current differencing buffered amplifiers (CDBA)‐based synthetic floatinginductancecircuitsusinggroundedcapacitorare introduced. They are fully integrable and provide the advantages of electronic tuning.A second order all‐pass and notch filter has been described using current conveyors in. The circuit uses only two current conveyors, one operational amplifier/CFA, four resistors andtwogroundedcapacitors.Thefilteralsodisplayslow incremental parameter sensitivities. CDBA, current differencingbufferedamplifierisintroducedinwhichisa multi‐terminalactivecomponentwithtwoinputsandtwo outputs.TheCDBAissimplifyingtheimplementation,free fromparasiticcapacitancesanditisabletooperateinthe frequency range of more than hundreds of MHz. Active frequency filters and oscillators for applications in the 825 MONIKA CHOUDHARY et al. Volume 3 Issue 3: 2015 Citation: 10.2348/ijset06150825 Impact Factor- 3.25 video band are synthesized. Some of the used active elements allow controlling current gain which is very useful in applications. A novel electronically tunable mixed‐mode biquad filter employs only three multi‐ output current controlled current conveyor trans‐ conductanceamplifiers(MO‐CCCCTAs)andtwogrounded capacitors. With the current as an input, the proposed filtercanrealizelowpass(LP),bandpass(BP),highpass (HP),bandreject(BR)andallpass(AP)incurrent‐mode and LP, BP and BR responses in trans‐impedance mode. Whenthevoltageactsasaninput,theproposedfiltercan realize LP, BP, HP, BR and AP responses in trans‐ admittance‐modeandLP,BPandBRinvoltage‐mode.A CMOS implementation of CCCII+, CCCII‐, DOCCCII circuit in 65nm CMOS technology is presented. The design achieves good linearity, low power dissipation and high bandwidth in the device. As an application a current mode second order universal filter is simulated (Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass, All Pass and Notch filters) using two DOCCCII and two capacitors.A new first‐order voltage‐mode filter employing minimum active and passive components is proposed which employs one differential voltage current conveyor (DVCC), one grounded capacitor and one resistor. It maintains the following advantageous: (i) employment of only one currentconveyor,(ii)employmentofonlyonegrounded capacitor, (iii) employment of only one resistor, (iv) simultaneous realization of voltage‐mode first‐order low pass,highpassandallpassfilterresponsesfromthesame configuration, (v) no need to impose component choice conditions and (vi) low active and passive sensitivity performancesIt offers the advantages of independent control of the condition of oscillation and frequency of oscillation,availabilityoftwoexplicitquadraturecurrent outputsandtwoquadraturevoltages,useofallgrounded passiveelementsandlowactiveandpassivesensitivities. A pair of current‐mode sine‐wave oscillator circuits is implemented using positive second‐generation current conveyors (CCII+). The principle of the first oscillator is basedonaconventionalWien‐bridgenetwork.However, this implementation suffers from the use of a floating capacitor, which can be unacceptable in the case of on‐ chip integration. This drawback is solved in the second variant via a slight modification of the Wien‐bridge network, which then allows the use of all capacitors grounded.Thecurrent‐modequadratureoscillatorsusing 2 current controlled current differencing transconductance amplifiers (CCCDTAs) and 2 grounded capacitors are presented which can can provide 2 sinusoidaloutputcurrentswith90ºphasedifference.The oscillation condition and oscillation frequency can be electronically/independentlycontrolledbyadjustingthe bias current of the CCCDTA. A novel oscillator circuit using current feedback amplifiers has been presented. The concept behind this design is negative impedance realized using CFA. The circuit belongs to the class of Active‐RCtypeoscillatorsusinggroundedcapacitors.One of the CFA is used to simulate negative capacitor. It is suitableforuseforlowandhighfrequencyapplications.A current tunable current‐mode sinusoidal quadrature oscillator, constructed from only three current differencing transconductance amplifiers(CDTAs) and two grounded capacitors with the absence resistor, is presentedandanalyzed.Theproposedoscillatorprovides the important advantage of non‐interactive electronic International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology- www.ijset.in ISSN (O): 2348-4098 ISSN (P): 2395-4752 control of the oscillation condition and the oscillation frequency and is capable of generating two quadrature current outputs. The circuit exhibits low active and passive sensitivities and is suitable for integration.It is showninthatanycurrentmodeanalogcircuitcomprises of a current mirror (CM) and voltage buffers (VB) and their properties affect the operation of low voltage circuits.Thelowvoltagecurrentmirrorsprovidethehigh voltage swing capability at the output terminal, but they do not have high input swing capability. They require a margin of at least one threshold voltage (VT ≈ 0.8) for properoperation,whichisquitelargeforasupplyvoltage of 1.0 V. The VB must provide rail‐to‐rail output voltage swings with low output impedance. At low voltage, the mainconstraintsfacedarethedevicenoiselevelandVT. Reduction in VT is dependent on the device technology. HigherVTgivesbetternoiseimmunityandthelowerVT reducesthenoisemargintoresultinpoorSNRandresult in very complex circuits. So there is a need for simpler, smarter and efficient circuits. Many new design techniques for the low voltage analog circuits are available viz., MOSFETs operation in (a) sub‐threshold region, (b) bulk‐driven transistors, (c) self‐cascode structures,(d)floatinggateapproachand(e)levelshifter techniques. CCII uses a voltage follower to synthesize inputs Y and X and two complementary current mirrors thatallowrecopyingthecurrentonportXtoportZ.Itis presented in that if the voltage follower is implemented usinganop‐amp,ithasallthedrawbacksthatresultfrom the use of an op‐amp: reduced ‐3 dB bandwidth, more important power consumption, and also large silicon area. When the voltage follower is implemented with a mixed translinear loop using complementary bipolar transistor,theCCIIischaracterizedbycutofffrequencies aroundseveralhundredofMHz. Figure2:Oscillatorusingcurrentdifferencingbuffer amplifier 3. METHODOLOGY Traditionally, the analog electronic circuits are designed using voltage mode building blocks (Op‐Amp). Recently, the current mode building blocks have been proved advantageousindesigninganalogintegratedcircuitsand some ofthe circuits such as filters have been developed. Currentmodebasedrealizationofanalogcircuitshasnot beenexploredmuchandneedtobeexploredfurtherfor more applications pertaining to new technological developments. The ultimate goal of this research is to design, implement and performance evaluation of electroniccircuitsusingcurrentmodebuildingblocksfor VLSI application. The research focus is to improve the performanceoftheelectroniccircuits. Following are the objectives of the proposed research work: Designing of integrated circuit basic building blocks 826 MONIKA CHOUDHARY et al. Volume 3 Issue 3: 2015 Citation: 10.2348/ijset06150825 Impact Factor- 3.25 such as filters, rectifiers, oscillators using current mode building blocks for very large scale integrated circuitapplication. ISSN (O): 2348-4098 ISSN (P): 2395-4752 Systems and Mobile Communications and Learning Technologies,Apr.2006,vol.150,no.150,pp.23‐29. 2.H. H. Kuntman and A. Uygur., "New possibilities and trends in circuit design for analog signal processing," International Conference on Applied Electronics, Sept. 2012,vol.1,no.9,pp.5‐7. Implementationandperformanceevaluationofthese integratedcircuitsthroughsimulationtechnique. 4. RESULTS 3.NikhitaTripathi, Nikhil Saxena and Sonal Soni, “Design of an amplifier through second generation current conveyor,” International Journal of Engineering Trends andTechnology,vol.4,issue5,May2013. 4.K. C. Smith and A. S. Sedra, “The Current Conveyor‐ A NewBuildingBlock,”Proc.oftheIEEE,Aug.1968,vol.56, no.8,pp.1368‐1369. 5.A. Sedra, K. Smith, “A second‐generation current‐ conveyor and its applications,” IEEE Trans. on Circuit Theory,vol.17,no.1,pp.132‐134,Feb.1970. Figure3:Spicesimulationresults 6.Amruta Bhatt, “Design and analysis of CMOS current conveyor,” Journal of Information, Knowledge and ResearchinECE,vol.2,issue2,Oct.2013. 7.Indu Prabha Singh, Kalayan Singh and S.N. Shukla, “Current conveyor: novel universal active block,” Samriddhi‐Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering Technology,vol.1,issue1,2010. 8.KamleshKumarSingh,GeetikaSrivastava,RaviShankar Mishra,DeepakTiwari,“Currentconveyor:Anovelactive building block prevailing op‐amp limitations,” International Journal of Innovative Technology and ExploringEngineering,vol.2,issue2,Jan.2013. Figure4:Spicesimulationresults 5. CONCLUSION EarlierOp‐Ampswereusedforanalogcircuitdesign.But due to their limited performance such as bandwidth, slew‐rateetc.ledtheanalogdesignertosearchforother possibilities and other building blocks. As a result, new current‐mode active building blocks such as OTA, CCII, etc. receive considerable attention due to their larger dynamic range and wider bandwidth. Advantages of current mode techniques are high frequency, lower power consumption, high slew rate, better linearity, better accuracy and higher bandwidth. Using these new activeelementsforanalogdesignandimplementingthem in CMOS and beyond CMOS technologies, Op‐Amp based problems can be solved. The study of current mode circuitsforvariousapplicationshasnotbeendoneupto great extent. So many integrated circuits are required to be designed using current mode circuits. The proposed research work aims at design and performance evaluation of various VLSI circuits using current mode techniques. 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